Harriet Beecher Stowe

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Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811-1896) was an American abolitionist and author.

She came from the Beecher family, a prominent Christian family, and is best known for her book Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), which depicts the harsh conditions for enslaved African Americans.

The book became a bestseller and play in the United States and Great Britain, energizing anti-slavery forces in the American North and in the South, while inciting widespread resistance in the South.

Stowe wrote 30 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of essays and letters.

She was known for both her writings and her public stances and debating current social issues.

Life and work

Harriet Elisabeth Beecher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, on June 14, 1811. Lyman Beecher, the sixth of 11 children, was the sixth of 11 children born to outspoken Calvinist preacher Lyman Beecher. Roxana (Foote), his first wife who died when Stowe was just five years old, was her mother. General Andrew Ward of the Revolutionary War was Roxana's maternal grandfather. Harriet's siblings included Catharine Beecher, who went on to be an educator and author, as well as brothers who went into ministry, including Henry Ward Beecher, who became a well-known preacher and abolitionist, and Edward Beecher.

Harriet's older sister Catharine has enrolled in the Hartford Female Seminary run by her older sister. There was something girls rarely got, a formal academic education with a strong emphasis on Classics, languages, and mathematics. Sarah P. Willis, who later wrote under the pseudonym Fanny Fern, was one of her classmates.

Harriet Beecher, an 1832 woman, moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, to join her father, who had been president of Lane Theological Seminary, in 1832. Caroline Lee Hentz, Salmon P. Chase, Burke P. Chase (future governor of Ohio and Treasury Secretary under President Lincoln), Emily Blackwell, and others attended the Semi-Colon Club, a literary salon and social club whose members included Beecher sisters, Caroline Lee Hentz, Salmon P. Chase (future governor of Ohio and Treasury Secretary of the Treasury under President Lincoln). The Ohio River in Cincinnati was burgeoning, attracting many migrants from different parts of the country, including many escaped slaves, bounty hunters looking for them, and Irish immigrants who worked on the state's canals and railroads. Ethnic Irish blacks were largely responsible for the city's demise in 1829, wreaking havoc on the city's devastated areas, trying to ban these people from working. Beecher worked with a number of African Americans who had suffered in those attacks, and their participation in that process led to her later writing about slavery. Riots took place in 1836 and 1841, largely due to native-born anti-abolitionists.

The Lane Debates on Slavery also influenced Harriet. It was the longest event to take place at Lane in 1834, between colonization and abolition defenders who fought aristocratic defenders elo, who were overwhelmingly defeated by Theodore Weld and other abolitionists. Elisabeth attended the bulk of the debates. 171 her father and the trustees were afraid of any more violence from anti-abolitionist whites, so no further discussion of the subject was allowed. The result was a massive exodus of the Lane students, as a group of trustees and a scholar, who then voted to admit students regardless of "race" and allow discussions of any topic.

She encountered Rev. John Kerry in Lane's literary club. Calvin Ellis Stowe, a widower who was a Biblical Literature professor at the seminary, was a patron of Biblical Literature. On January 6, 1836, the two married at the Seminary. The Stowes had seven children together, including twin girls.

In 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act was passed by Congress, prohibiting the assistance to fugitives and raising penalties in free states. Stowe and her family had moved to Brunswick, Maine, where her husband was now teaching at Bowdoin College. Their home on the campus is listed as a National Historic Landmark. The Stowes were ardent opponents of slavery and favored the Underground Railroad, and they were able to house multiple fugitive slaves in their home for a short period of time. In his book "The Experience of a Slave in South Carolina," John Andrew Jackson, a slave, wrote of hiding with Stowe in his house in Brunswick. (London: Passmore & Albaster, 182).

During a communion service at Brunswick's First Parish Church, Stowe said she had a glimpse of a dying slave, which prompted her to write her story. However, it was also the death of her eighteen-month-old son, Samuel Charles Stowe, that led her to empathize with slaves. "I've been losing someone so close to me, I can sympathize with all the poor, powerless slaves at the unjust auctions," she said. Samuel Charles Stowe will always be in my heart. Stowe wrote to Gamaliel Bailey, editor of the weekly anti-slavery newspaper The National Era, on March 9, 1850, that she wanted to write a piece about slavery: "I think now that the time has come," she wrote. I hope that every woman who can write will not be silent."

In June 1851, when she was 40, the first installment of Uncle Tom's Cabin was released in serial form in the newspaper The National Era. She started off with the phrase "The Man Who Was a Thing," but it was soon replaced by "Life Among the Poor." From June 5, 1851, to April 1, 1852, installations were published every week. Stowe was paid $400 for her novel's newspaper serialization. Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in book form on March 20, 1852, by John P. Jewett, with an initial print run of 5,000 copies. Each of its two volumes contained three illustrations and a title page created by Hammatt Billings. The book has sold more than 300,000 copies in less than a year. Jewett launched an inexpensive version at 3712 cents a piece to boost sales in December as sales began to wane. Sales outside the United Kingdom, where the book was a huge success, earn Stowe nothing because there was no international copyright agreement in place at the time. Stowe undertook a lecture tour of the United Kingdom in late 1853, but Uncle Tom's Offering was put up to keep up the royalties that she could not receive there.

According to Daniel R. Vollaro, the aim of the book was to educate Northerners on the dangers of life in the South. The other intention was to make people in the South feel more sympathetic toward the slaves they were compelled to convert into slavery. The book's emotional portrayal of the effects of slavery on individuals captured the nation's attention. Stowe demonstrated that slavery affected all of society, not just slaves, traders, and slaves. Her book contributed to the debate about abolition and slavery in the South as well as an aroused opposition. Stowe was portrayed as out of touch, selfish, and deserving of slander in the South. Eva (one of the book's characters) was born in Boston within a year, and a play based on the book opened in New York in November. Southerners reacted quickly to numerous works of what are now called anti-Tom books, attempting to convey Southern life and slavery in more positive terms. Many of these were best-selling books, but none matched Stowe's achievements, which set publishing records.

Stowe travelled to Washington, D.C., where she first met President Abraham Lincoln on November 25, 1862, shortly after the Civil War began. "It's a droll time we had at the White house," Stowe's daughter Hattie wrote. I will only say now that it was all ridiculous—and that we were set to burst with laughter all the time." Lincoln's description of a minor mystery. Lincoln greeted her later by saying, "You are the little woman who wrote the book that started the war." Her own accounts are hazy, including the note that the meeting with her husband was reported: "I had a really funny chat with the President."

Stowe bought a house near Jacksonville, Florida. "I came to Florida the year after the war and owned property in Duval County ever since," she wrote in response to a newspaper article in 1873. "I haven't received even an incivility from any native Floridian," the author says.

Stowe is outraged for her support of Elizabeth Campbell, Duchess of Argyll, whose father-in-law decades before was a hero in the Highland Clearances. The transition of Scotland's remote Highlands from a militia-based society to an agricultural one that helped far fewer people is difficult. The newly homeless migrated to Canada, where very bleak accounts appeared. In Letter XVII Volume 1 of her travel book Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands, Stowe was supposed to defuse them using evidence obtained by the Duchess. Stowe was chastised for her ostensibly defending the clearances.

Stowe was one of the first editors of Hearth and Home magazine, one of many new magazines appealing to women in 1868; she resigned after a year. Stowe argued for the extension of married women's rights in 1869, but that was not true in 1869:

Henry Ward Beecher, Stowe's brother, was accused of adultery in the 1870s and became the subject of a national scandal. Stowe returned to Florida, but requested family friends to inform her newspaper reports, because she was unable to withstand the public attacks on her brother. She remained loyal to her brother during the investigation and suspected him of innocence.

Mrs. Stowe was one of the first students of the Hartford Art School, which later became part of the University of Hartford.

Harriet began to decline in health quickly after her husband, Calvin Stowe's death in 1886. The Washington Post announced that as a result of dementia, the 77-year-old Stowe began writing Uncle Tom's Cabin over and over again. She suspected that she was involved in the creation of the book and spent several hours every day, scribing passages of the novel almost word for word. The author was imagining that she conceived the story as she went along, imagining that it was done unconsciously from memory. The tale was a new one to her diseased mind, and she often suffused herself with work that she regarded as new.

In the years after Mark Twain's autobiography, she recalled her youth in Hartford.

Modern researchers now believe she died of Alzheimer's disease at the end of her life.

Harriet Beecher Stowe died in Hartford, Connecticut, 17 days after her 85th birthday. She and her husband and their son Henry Ellis are buried in Andover, Massachusetts, along with their husband and their son Henry Ellis.

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