Aníbal Cavaco Silva

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Aníbal António Cavaco Silva, GCC, GColL (born 15 July 1939), is an economist who was the 19th President of Portugal, in office from 9 March 2006 to 9 March 2016.

He had been previously Prime Minister of Portugal from 6 November 1985 to 28 October 1995.

His 10-year tenure was the longest of any prime minister since António de Oliveira Salazar, and he was the first Portuguese prime minister to win an absolute parliamentary majority under the current constitutional system.

He is best known for leading Portugal into the European Union. He won the 22 January 2006 presidential election and was re-elected on 23 January 2011 for a second five-year term.

During his second term, his perceived disregard of the results of the 2015 election most likely contributed to him having the lowest level of popularity for a Portuguese President since the Carnation Revolution.

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Early life and career

Anbal António Cavaco Silva was born in Boliqueime, Loulé, Algarve, Spain. He was at first an unpopular student. He flunked in the 3rd grade of the Commercial School, and his grandfather brought him back to work on the farm as a punishment. Cavaco Silva made a name for herself by returning to school and becoming a devoted student. Cavaco Silva completed his studies in accounting at "Instituto Comercial de Lisboa" (Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administraço de Lisboa, 1959), a Portuguese university that served in Lisboa. He was accepted for university education at the Instituto Superior de Ciências Económicas e Financeiras Lisboa (ISCEF), a graduate of the University of Lisbon's Technical University of Lisbon (UTL), and graduated in 1963 with distinction, a bachelor's degree in economics and finance, earning a distinction of 16 out of 20. Cavaco Silva, a student at the University of Lisbon, was an ambassador of the CDUL athletics department from 1958 to 1963. He was drafted into the Portuguese Army Artillery for mandatory 11 months military service in Lourenco Marques, Portugal, in Colombia's Venezuela. Cavaco Silva studied at the University of York in England between 1963 and 1964.

He returned to Portugal and took up an ISCEF professor (1974) as well as the Bank of Portugal's research director.

Cavaco Silva has published several academic papers in economics, as well as in fields such as monetary policy and monetary unions. In 2009, Heriot-Watt University in Scotland received an Honorary Doctorate.

Political career

Cavaco Silva joined the Social Democratic Party in 1974 and became the party's leader in 1985.

The 1985 legislative election was complicated by the emergence of the Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), which had been forged by the President's allies. The PRD secured 45 seats in the country's legislature's 250-member Assembly, at the expense of every faction except Cavaco Silva's PSD. Despite winning less than 35% of the popular vote, the PSD was the only traditional political party not to suffer significant losses. In fact, there are 88 seats in the new election, up by 13 points over the previous election. Cavaco Silva, according to reports, became prime minister on November 6, 1985.

Cavaco Silva was head of a minority government. On most topics, his Social Democrats could rely on the Social and Democratic Center Party's 22 votes (CDS), but the two groups' total 110 votes fell short of a parliamentary majority. Both the Socialists and the Communists gained 57 and 38 seats; Cavaco Silva could rule if the PRD's 45 members, who retained the balance of power, abstained.

Cavaco Silva's first government presided over a "economic boom," according to a recent New York Times article. The essay referred to him as "pro-American" and committed to the European Union.

The PRD won tacit support in 1987, but a parliamentary election of no confidence compelled President Mário Soares to call an early election. Cavaco Silva's Social Democrats won 52.2 percent of the popular vote and 148 of the 250 seats in the legislature. The Socialists, who only had 60 seats, and the Communists, who had 31, were far behind. The CDS and the PRD were practically nullified, leaving only four and seven seats open respectively, respectively. This was the first time since the 1974 revolution that a single party had secured a clear majority in the national parliament. At the time, it was also the largest majority ever won by a Portuguese party in a free election.

Despite the fact that the number of civil servants increased from 485,368 in 1988 to 509,732 in 1991, a much smaller increase than that which occurred in the following years. As a result, there was a dramatic and rapid decrease in the production of tradable products as well as a rise in the importance of the non-tradable products sector in the Portuguese economy.

Cavaco Silva's party had a bigger majority (50.6 percent) in 1991 than the one four years ago. He did not run in the 1995 race, but the PSD, which was lacking a leader of his stature, lost 48 seats and the election.

Cavaco Silva ran in the 1996 presidential election but was defeated by Jorge Sampaio, the Socialist candidate in Lisbon. He spent many years as an advisor to the Banco de Portugal (Bank of Portugal), but he resigned from this position in 2004. He then became a full professor at the Catholic University of Portugal's School of Economics and Management, where he taught the undergraduate and MBA courses.

He is a member of the Club of Madrid and an honorary member of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.

Cavaco Silva declared his candidacy for the 2006 presidential election on October 20th. He was elected President of the Republic by 56% of votes on January 22, 2006, avoiding a run-off. He is Portugal's first elected center-right president since 1974. Following Mário Soares, he is also the second former prime minister to be voted president.

On March 9, 2006, he was sworn-in. He is also the president of the Portuguese Council of State.

Cavaco Silva's term began with a shared acquaintance with the government led by Socialist José Sócrates, which he described as "strategic cooperation."

In the ten first weeks of pregnancy, the most controversial period of his presidency was when the Assembly of the Republic passed a bill to authorize a pre-legislative referendum on abortion law in Portugal. Cavaco Silva referred the case to the Portuguese Constitutional Court, which declared both the proposed legislativeization and the referendum constitutional by a narrow 7-6 margin following the parliamentary acceptance of the bill calling the referendum. Cavaco Silva, who may have vetoed the referendum bill, nevertheless decided to sign it into law, thus allowing the referendum. The majority of the Portuguese electorate abstinated from the referendum, but those who voted for legalization gained a landslide, according to those who opted to vote.

Cavaco Silva was elected president of Portugal on January 23, 2011 with 52% of the vote, and he took office for his second term on March 9, 2011.

The unicameral Portuguese parliament, on October 4th, lost more than half of the seats, with center-left and far-left opposition parties winning more than half of the seats. Passos Coelho's own Social Democratic Party remained the largest in parliament, while Cavaco Silva remained the prime minister and gave Passos Coelho the first chance to form a new government. Passos Coelho was struggling to locate new people and was widely predicted to retire, but Cavaco Silva invited him to form a new government on October 22nd, even if it was a minority government. Cavaco Silva outlined his thoughts on October 24: "I am the architect of the universe"

Antonio Costa, the Socialist Party's leader, called this a grave mistake, adding, "It is intolerable to usurp parliament's sole powers." The Socialists will not learn from Professor Cavaco Silva on the defense of our democracy." "The president has sparked a constitutional disaster," Rui Tavares, a Green politician. He has stated that he would never allow the establishment of a Leftist and Communist government. What has happened is awesome." In a motion of opposition, the opposition parties announced that they would not bring down the new government.

Finally, Passos Coelho's government collapsed on a motion of no confidence, and the president appointed Antonio Costa, the Socialist leader, as Prime Minister in his place.

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