Pervez Musharraf

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Military career

Musharraf entered the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul in 1961, at the age of 18. Musharraf shared a room with PQ Mehdi of the Pakistan Air Force and Abdul Aziz Mirza of the Navy during his college years (both appeared in four-star positions and served with Musharraf later). Dawn (Meneharraf), a retired soldier and college acquaintance, recalls, In the Line of Fire, which was released in 2006, it was written in the Line of Fire. Musharraf met the requirements for physical, emotional, and officer-training examinations, as well as informal discussions; the three principals were interviewed by joint military officers who were designated as Commandants. Musharraf, PQ Mehdi, and Mirza were among PMA's top candidates for their respective arms of commission training the next day.

Musharraf completed his bachelor's degree in his 29th PMA Long Course, alongside Ali Kuli Khan and his lifelong friend Abdul Aziz Mirza in 1964. He was sent as a second lieutenant and stationed near the Indo-Pakistan border and was stationed in the artillery regiment as the second lieutenant. Musharraf maintained his close friendship and contact with Mirza during his tough times even as Mirza, the Navy Special Service Group's former military advisor to the Eastern Corps, was stationed in East-Pakistan.

During the ferocious fighting for the Khemkanian sector of the Second Kashmir War, his first battlefield encounter was with an artillery regiment. During the war, he served in the Lahore and Sialkot war zones. Musharraf earned a reputation for surviving in the face of shellfire during the war. He was given the Imtiaz Sanad gold medal for gallantry.

He joined the elite Special Service Group shortly after the end of the war of 1965 (SSG). He served in the SSG from 1966 to 1972. During this time, he was promoted to captain and to major. He was a company commander of a SSG commando battalion during the 1971 war in India. During the 1971 war, he had been supposed to leave East-Pakistan to join the army-navy joint military missions, but the deployment was cancelled as the Indian Army advanced to Southern Pakistan.

In 1974, Musharraf was promoted to lieutenant colonel and then colonel in 1978. He studied political science at the National Defense University (NDU), then briefly tenured as assistant professor of war studies at the Command and Staff College, and then as assistant professor of political science at NDU. General Jehangir Karamat, a NDU guidance advisor and instructor who had a major influence on Musharraf's philosophy and critical thinking, was one of his professors. In the 1979-1989 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, he did not participate in Pakistan's proxy war. He became a brigade commander of a new SSG brigade near Siachen Glacier in 1987. Musharraf's vast experience in mountain and arctic warfare led him to his appointment by then-President and Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq for this position. Musharraf commanded an assault on Bilafond La in September 1987 before being forced to pull the attackers back.

During 1990-91, he worked at the Royal College of Defense Studies (RCDS) in the United Kingdom. His coursemates included Major-Generals B. S. Malik and Ashok Mehta of the Indian Army, as well as Pakistan Army Major General Ali Kuli Khan. Musharraf's master's degree thesis, "Impact of Arm Race in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent," received good feedback in his course research. He submitted his thesis to Commandant General Antony Walker, who named Musharraf as one of his finest students he had ever encountered in his entire career. Musharraf was described by Walker at one point: "A strong, articulate, and incredibly personable cop who had a positive effect on the RCDS." His country is fortunate to have the services of a man of his unquestionable reputation." He obtained a master's degree from RCDS and then returned to Pakistan shortly after. Musharraf took an interest in the burgeoning Pakistani rock music scene and often listened to rock music after returning to work. Musharraf was reportedly keen on the time-worn Western fashions, which were then extremely popular in government and commercial circles, during this decade, which was also very popular in academic and public arenas. He earned the nickname "Cowboy" for his westernized ways and his fashion obsession with Western clothing while in the Army.

Brigadier Musharraf suggested the infiltration of Kargil to Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1988–89, but she turned down the proposal. He earned a two-star promotion from 1991 to 1993, raising him to the rank of major general and holding the command of 40th Division as its GOC, stationed in Punjab Province's Okara Military District. Major-General Musharraf served closely with the Chief of Army Staff as the Director-General of Pakistan's Departmentate General for Military Operations from 1993 to 1995 (DGMO). Musharraf became close to engineering officer and director general of ISI Lieutenant General Javed Nasir during his Bosnian war service. Benazir Bhutto, who supervised him on several occasions, was influenced by his political philosophy, and Musharraf was close to Benazir Bhutto on military policy issues in India. Musharraf visited the United States regularly from 1993 to 1995 as part of Benazir Bhutto's delegation. It was Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman who lobbied for his transfer to Benazir Bhutto and then got Musharraf's promotion papers accepted by Benazir Bhutto, which resulted in his appointment in Benazir Bhutto's key staff. Musharraf personally aided Benazir Bhutto in having a private meeting at the Pakistani Embassy in Washington, D.C., with Mossad officials and a special envoy of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Musharraf had a great deal with Shaukat Aziz, who, at the time, was serving as the executive president of Citibank's global financial services branch.

Musharraf was assisting General Babar and the Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI) in devising a strategy to assist the newly formed Taliban in the Afghan civil war against the Northern Alliance government following the demise of the fractious Afghan government. Musharraf befriended senior justice of Pakistan Justice Rafiq Tarar (later president) and shared the latter's views on policy questions.

Musharraf's last military field operations assignment was in the Mangla region of the Kashmir Province in 1995, when Benazir Bhutto approved his promotion to Lieutenant General rank. Lieutenant-General Musharraf was the corps commander of I Strike Corps (CC-1) stationed in Mangla, Mangla Military District, from 1995 to 1998.

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