Henry VII

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Henry VII (Welsh: Harri Tudur, 28 January 1457 – January 15, 1509) was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his accession of the crown on August 1485 to his death on April 21.

He was the first king of Tudor Europe. Henry regained the throne after his troops defeated King Richard III at Bosworth Field, the climactic of the Wars of the Roses.

He was the last king of England to regain his throne on the field of war.

He affirmed his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, the niece of Richard's brother Edward IV's.

After the civil war, Henry was able to restore the power and stability of the English monarchy. Henry has been credited with a variety of administrative, economic, and diplomatic initiatives.

His support for England's wool industry as well as his standoff with the Low Countries had a long-term effect on the whole English economy.

He paid close attention to detail, and rather than spending heavily on increasing new revenues, he concentrated on increasing new revenues.

New taxes improved the government's finances, but a commission after his death discovered widespread irregularities in the tax collection process.

He was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII, after a reign of nearly 24 years.

Ancestry and early life

Henry VII was born in Pembroke Castle, the English-speaking portion of Pembrokeshire, and the English-speaking portion of Pembrokeshire known as Little England beyond Wales, on January 28. He was the only son of Lady Margaret Beaufort and Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. He was possibly baptized at St Mary's Church, Pembroke, but no evidence of the service exists. His father died three months before his birth. Owen Tudor, a paternal grandfather of Henry VI of Penmyny, Wales, had been a page in King Henry V's "Squires to the King" after the military service in Agincourt. Owen is accused of secretly marrying Catherine of Valois, Henry V. Edmund, Henry's father, was one of their sons. Edmund was born Earl of Richmond in 1452 and "formally declared legitimate by Parliament."

Margaret Beaufort, Henry's mother, was Henry's primary claim to the English throne. Katherine Swynford, John of Gaunt, the fourth son of Edward III, and his third wife Katherine Swynford, were among John of Gaunt's great-granddaughter. Katherine was Gaunt's mistress for about 25 years. They had four children when they married in 1396, including Henry's great-grandfather John Beaufort. Henry's assertion was therefore tenuous; it was born from a woman and not by illegitimate descent. In theory, the Portuguese and Castilian royal families had a larger claim as descendants of Catherine of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt and his second wife Constance of Castile.

Gaunt's nephew Richard II legitimized Gaunt's children by Katherine Swynford by Letters Patent in 1397. Henry IV, Gaunt's uncle, in 1407, published new Letters Patent confirming the legitimacy of his half-siblings while also stating that they are ineligible for the throne, according to his first wife. Henry IV's conduct was suspect law, since the Beauforts were previously recognised by an Act of Parliament, but this action undermined Henry's assertion. Nevertheless, Henry was the senior Lancastrian claimant living after Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset, by 1483.

Henry also invested some political capital in recruiting military help and shielding his army's passage through Wales on its way to the Battle of Bosworth. He came from an old, established Anglese family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr, the last ancient British king, according to legend, and on occasion Henry displayed the red dragon of Cadwaladr. On his parade through London after winning at Bosworth, he took it as well as the high standard of St. George. Bernard André, a contemporary writer and Henry's biographer, made a scholarly book about Henry's Welsh descent.

Edmund Tudor, Henry Tudor's father, was arrested in 1456 while fighting for Henry VI in South Wales against the Yorkists. He died in Carmarthen Castle just after. Edmund's widow Margaret, who was 13 years old when she gave birth to Henry, was covered by his younger brother, Jasper Tudor, the Earl of Pembroke. Jasper Tudor went into exile in 1461 when Edward IV was King. The Yorkist William Herbert, who also took care of Margaret Beaufort and the young Henry, Pembroke Castle and later Pembroke, were granted Pembroke Castle and Pembroke.

Henry lived in the Herbert household until 1469, when Richard Neville, the "Kingmaker"), went over to the Lancastrians. Herbert was captured by Warwick and executed by the Yorkists. Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry VI back from exile when Warwick restored him to court in 1470. Henry fled to Brittany with other Lancastrians when the Yorkist Edward IV regained the throne in 1471. He spent the majority of his time under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. Francis became sick in November 1476, and his chief advisors were more able to engage with King Edward in negotiations. Henry was then handed over to English envoys and led to Saint-Malo, Breton's port. However, he feigned stomach cramps and postponed his departure long enough to avoid the tides. Viscount Jean du Quélennec, Henry's ally, arrived shortly, announcing that Francis had recovered, and in the chaos, Henry was able to escape to a monastery. He claimed a sanctuary until the envoys were forced to leave.

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