Ernest Rutherford

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Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, HFRSE, (born in 1871) was a New Zealand-born British physicist who came to be regarded as the father of nuclear physics.

Rutherford argues that he was the best experimentalist since Michael Faraday (1791–1867).

This piece was created at McGill University in Montreal, Canada.

It was the basis for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 "for his studies into the disintegration of the elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances," for which he was the first Canadian and Oceanian Nobel laureate. Rutherford came from Manchester, England, to the Victoria University of Manchester (today University of Manchester), where he and Thomas Royds established that alpha radiation is helium nuclei.

Rutherford's most well-known job since he was named a Nobel Laureate.

Despite being unable to demonstrate whether it was positive or negative, he theorized that atoms have their charge concentrated in a tiny nucleus, and subsequently pioneered the Rutherford model of the atom. Throughout his discovery and analysis of Rutherford scattering by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden's gold foil experiment, he demonstrated Rutherford scattering.

In experiments where nitrogen nuclei were bombarded with alpha particles, he created nuclear reaction in 1917.

He found the emission of a subatomic particle, which he described as "hydrogen atom" in 1919, but he more precisely identified the proton in 1920.

The neutron was first detected under his leadership in 1932 by James Chadwick, and in the same year, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton conducted the first experiment to split the nucleus in a fully controlled manner.

He was buried in Westminster Abbey near Sir Isaac Newton's tomb after his 1937 burial.

Since he was created in 1997, the chemical element rutherfordium (element 104) was identified.

Early life and education

Ernest Rutherford was the son of James Rutherford, a fisherman, and Martha Thompson, both from Hornchurch, Essex, England. "To raise a little flax and a lot of children," James immigrated from Perth, Scotland. Ernest was born in Brightwater, New Zealand, near Nelson, New Zealand. When his birth was announced, his first name was mistakenly written "Earnest." Martha Thompson, Rutherford's mother, was a schoolteacher.

He studied at Havelock School and Nelson College, then Nelson College, and gained a scholarship to study at Canterbury College, University of New Zealand, where he participated in the debating society and played rugby. Rutherford earned his Bachelor's, MA, and BSc degrees and two years of study, during which he developed a new type of radio receiver, in 1895, she moved to England for postgraduate study at University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory. He was one of the first of the 'aliens' (those without a Cambridge degree) allowed to do research at the university, and J. J. Thomson's leadership ignited jealousies from the more traditional members of the Cavendish fraternity. Thomson managed to find radio waves at half a mile and briefly held the world record for electromagnetic waves in 1896, but he later discovered that he had been outdone by Guglielmo Marconi, who was also lecturing.

Thomson recommended Rutherford for a position at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, in 1898. He was supposed to replace Hugh Longbourne Callendar, who had been the Macdonald Professor of physics, and he was headed to Cambridge. Rutherford was accepted, which meant he could marry Mary Georgina Newton (1876–1954) to whom he had been engaged before leaving New Zealand; they married in St Paul's Papanui (1901-1930), who married the physicist Ralph Fowler. Rutherford received a DSc from the University of New Zealand in 1901. He returned to the United Kingdom in 1907 to teach physics at the Victoria University of Manchester.

In 1914, Rutherford was knighted. He worked on a top-secret initiative to solve the practical challenges of submarine detection by sonar during World War I. He was awarded the Hector Memorial Medal in 1916. He returned to Cavendish as the Cavendish professor and Director in 1919, succeeding J. Thomson. Nobel Laureates were given to James Chadwick, John Cockcroft, Ernest Walton for an experiment that was supposed to be called splitting the atom using a particle accelerator, and Edward Appleton for demonstrating the presence of the ionosphere under his leadership. Rutherford pushed calls on the New Zealand Government to fund education and research in 1925, triggering the establishment of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) in the ensuing year. He served as President of the Royal Society from 1925 to 1930, and later as President of the Academic Assistance Council, which helped nearly 1,000 university refugees from Germany. Baron Rutherford of Nelson, New Zealand, and of Cambridge, New Zealand, was elevated to the peerage in the 1925 New Year Honours and raised to the throne, a position that was extinct after his unexpected death in 1937. Rutherford was one of two inaugural recipients of the T. K. Sidey Medal, which was established by the Royal Society of New Zealand as an award for outstanding scientific achievement in 1933.

Rutherford had a small hernia before his death, but it became strangulated, causing him to be very sick. Despite an emergency surgery in London, he died four days later at Cambridge from what doctors called "intestinal paralysis." He was given the highest honor of burial in Westminster Abbey, near Isaac Newton and other illustrious British scientists such as Charles Darwin, following his cremation.

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