Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

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Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (5 January 1928 – 4 April 1979) was a Pakistani barrister and politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977, and prior to that as the 4th President of Pakistan from 1971 to 1973.

He was also the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP) and served as its chairman until his execution in 1979.Born in modern-day Sindh and educated at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Oxford, Bhutto trained as a barrister at Lincoln's Inn, before entering politics as one of President Iskander Mirza's cabinet members, and was assigned several ministries during President Ayub Khan's military rule from 1958.

Appointed Foreign Minister in 1963, Bhutto was a proponent of Operation Gibraltar in Kashmir, leading to war with India in 1965.

After the Tashkent Agreement ended hostilities, Bhutto fell out with Ayub Khan and was sacked from government. Bhutto founded the PPP in 1967 on a socialist platform, and contested general elections held by President Yahya Khan in 1970.

While the Awami League won a majority of seats overall, the PPP won a majority of seats in West Pakistan; the two parties were unable to agree on a new constitution in particular on the issue of Six Point Movement which many in West Pakistan saw as a way to break up the country.

Subsequent uprisings led to the secession of Bangladesh, and Pakistan losing the war against Bangladesh-allied India in 1971.

Bhutto was handed over the presidency in December 1971 and emergency rule was imposed.

When Bhutto set about rebuilding Pakistan, he stated his intention was to "rebuild confidence and rebuild hope for the future".By July 1972, Bhutto recovered 43,600 prisoners of war and 5,000 sq mi of Indian-held territory after signing the Simla Agreement.

He strengthened ties with China and Saudi Arabia, recognised Bangladesh, and hosted the second Organisation of the Islamic Conference in Lahore in 1974.

Domestically, Bhutto's reign saw parliament unanimously approve a new constitution in 1973, upon which he appointed Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry President and switched to the newly empowered office of Prime Minister.

He also played an integral role in initiating the country's nuclear programme.

However, Bhutto's nationalisation of much of Pakistan's fledgling industries, healthcare, and educational institutions led to economic stagnation.

After dissolving provincial feudal governments in Balochistan was met with unrest, Bhutto also ordered an army operation in the province in 1973, causing thousands of civilian casualties.Despite civil disorder, the PPP won parliamentary elections in 1977 by a wide margin.

However, the opposition alleged widespread vote rigging, and violence escalated across the country.

On 5 July that same year, Bhutto was deposed in a military coup by his appointed army chief Zia-ul-Haq, before being controversially tried and executed by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 1979 for authorising the murder of a political opponent.Bhutto remains a contentious figure, being hailed for his nationalism and secular internationalist agenda, yet, is criticized for intimidating his political opponents and for human rights violations.

He is often considered one of Pakistan's greatest leaders, and his party, the PPP, remains among Pakistan's largest, with his daughter Benazir Bhutto being twice elected Prime Minister, while his son-in-law and Benazir's husband, Asif Ali Zardari, served as President.

Early life

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto belonged to a Sindhi Bhutto family, he was born to Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto and Khursheed Begum near Larkana. Zulfikar was their third child—their first one, Sikandar Ali, had died from pneumonia at age seven in 1914, and the second, Imdad Ali, died of cirrhosis at age 39 in 1953. His father was the dewan of the princely state of Junagadh, and enjoyed an influential relationship with the officials of the British Raj. As a young boy, Bhutto moved to Worli Seaface in Bombay to study at the Cathedral and John Connon School, later St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. He then also became an activist in the Pakistan Movement. In 1943, his marriage was arranged with Shireen Amir Begum. In 1947, Bhutto was admitted to the University of Southern California to study political science.

In 1949, as a sophomore, Bhutto transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, where he earned a B.A. (honours) degree in political science in 1950. year later on 8 September 1951 he married a woman of Iranian Kurdish origin— Nusrat Ispahani, popularly known as Begum Nusrat Bhutto. During his studies in University of California, Berkeley, Bhutto became interested in the theories of socialism, delivering a series of lectures on their feasibility in Islamic countries. During this time, Bhutto's father played a controversial role in the affairs of Junagadh. Coming to power in a palace coup, he secured the accession of his state to Pakistan, which was ultimately negated by Indian intervention in December 1947. In June 1950, Bhutto travelled to the United Kingdom to study law at Christ Church, Oxford and received a BA in jurisprudence, followed by an LLM degree in law and an M.Sc. (honours) degree in political science. Upon finishing his studies, he served as a lecturer in international law at the University of Southampton in 1952 and he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1953. He was fellow of Barrister Ijaz Hussain Batalvi who later appeared in his case as prosecutor.

Personal life

Bhutto's first marriage took place in 1943, to his cousin Shireen Amir Begum, however they separated. On 8 September 1951 Zulfiquar Ali Bhutto married Nusrat Ispahani of Iranian Kurdish origin, popularly known as Begum Nusrat Bhutto. Nusrat Ispahani. in Karachi. Their first child, Benazir, was born in 1953. She was followed by Murtaza in 1954, Sanam in 1957 and Shahnawaz in 1958.

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Political career

In 1957, Bhutto became Pakistan's youngest representative to the United Nations delegation. He appeared before the UN Sixth Committee on Aggression in October and led Pakistan's delegation to the first UN Conference on the Sea Law in 1958. Bhutto took over the ministry of Commerce from President Iskander Mirza, who presided over the country's youngest cabinet minister, this year. In 1960, he was named Minister of Water and Power, Communications and Industry. Despite his youth and relative inexperience, Bhutto became Ayub Khan's trusted ally and advisor, increasing in influence and acclaim. In 1960, Bhutto assisted his president in negotiating the Indus Water Treaty in India, and the Soviet Union, which promised to provide economic and technical assistance to Pakistan.

Bhutto, a Pakistani nationalist and socialist, was an expert on Pakistan's political transition, with specifics on the type of democracy that is needed. His socialist conviction inspired him to form a close friendship with neighboring China when he first became foreign minister in 1963. Many other nations accepted Taiwan as the legitimate single government of China at a time when two governments claimed to be "China." The Soviet Union and its satellite states broke off relations with Beijing due to ideological divisions, and only Albania and Pakistan supported the People's Republic of China in 1964. Bhutto has steadfastly supported Beijing in the United Nations and in the UNSC, as well as continuing to build bridges to the United States. The US chastised Bhutto's strong support for strengthening ties with China. President Lyndon B. Johnson warned Bhutto that further steps to China would jeopardize congressional help for Pakistan. Bhutto delivered his addresses in a demagogic style, and the foreign ministry was directed vehemently. His leadership style and his quick ascension to power brought him national attention and a following. Bhutto and his workers were welcomed warmly by the Chinese in Beijing, and Bhutto welcomed Mao Zedong with great admiration. Bhutto was a consultant in negotiating trade and military agreements with the Chinese regime, which promised to assist Pakistan in several military and industrial projects.

On March 2, 1963, Bhutto signed the Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement, which converted 750 square kilometers of territory from Pakistan-administered Kashmir to Chinese control, making Pakistan the top figure in non-aligned groups. Bhutto, who believes in pan-Islamic unity, developed closer ties with Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. Bhutto's hitherto pro-West foreign policy had a major influence on Pakistan's hitherto pro-West foreign policy. Although maintaining a prominent position for Pakistan within the Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation and the Central Treaty Organization, Bhutto began claiming that Pakistan should pursue an international policy path that was free of US influence. In the meantime, Bhutto visited both East and West Germany and established a strong link between the two countries. Bhutto's industrial, industrial, and military relations with Germany continued to develop. Bhutto has expanded Pakistan's strategic partnership with Germany. At the University of Munich, Bhutto spoke about the importance of Pakistan and German relations. In 1962, Bhutto returned to Poland and established diplomatic relations. To establish the military and economic link between Pakistan and Poland, Bhutto used Brigadier General Wadys. Bhutto aimed and reached out to the Polish community in Pakistan and opened a new avenue of mutual cooperation.

Beijing planned to launch an invasion in India's northern territories in 1962, as territorial divisions increased between India and China. Pakistani Premier Zhou Enlai and Mao have invited Pakistan to join the strike to rest the State of Jammu and Kashmir from India. Bhutto advocated for the scheme, but Ayub opposed the strategy because he was afraid of reprisal by Indian troops. Rather, Ayub suggested a "joint defence alliance" with India. Bhutto was stunned by such remarks, and he felt that Ayub Khan was unlettered in foreign affairs. Despite Pakistan's membership in anti-communist western alliances, Bhutto was aware that China had declined to condemn Pakistan. According to the wishes of Pakistanis and the "Kashmiris," the United States and Pakistan promised Pakistan that "Kashmir issues" would be addressed in 1962. According to this, Ayub did not participate in the Chinese programs. During and after the 1962 Sino-Indian War, which was seen as an extension of Pakistan's ties with the US, Bhutto chastised the United States for giving military assistance to India.

Meanwhile, Ayub Khan, on Bhutto's advice, launched Operation Gibraltar in the attempt to "liberate" Kashmir. It came to a climactic end, with the Indian Armed Forces launching a successful counter-attack on West Pakistan (Indo-Pakistani War of 1965). This war was the sequel to a brief skirmishes that occurred between March and August 1965 on the international boundaries of Kutch, Jammu, and Punjab. Bhutto arrived in Uzbekistan to broker a peace deal with Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri. Ayub and Shastri have agreed to exchange prisoners of war and remove respective forces from pre-war boundaries. This deal was deeply unpopular in Pakistan, sparking widespread political resistance against Ayub's government. Bhutto's critique of the final deal sparked a huge divide between him and Ayub. Bhutto resigned in June 1966 and voiced skepticism towards Ayub's regime, despite initially dismissing the allegations.

During his reign, Bhutto was known to be establishing tough geostrategic and foreign policies against India. In 1965, Bhutto's Bhutto's colleague Munir Ahmad Khan alerted him of the status of India's nuclear program. According to Bhutto, "Pakistan will fight, fight for a thousand years." If India develops a (atom) bomb, (Pakistan) will eat grass or (leaves), even starving, but we (Pakistan) will have one of our own (atom bomb). In his 1969 book The Myth of Independence Bhutto, argued that it was the "necessity" for Pakistan to purchase the fission weapon and start a so-called deterrence program in order to stand up to the industrialized states and a nuclear-armed India. Bhutto wrote a manifesto and proposed a future roadmap on how the program would be developed and which individual scientists would begin to work. Munir Ahmad Khan was chosen by Bhutto for this role.

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