Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

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Political career

In 1957, Bhutto became Pakistan's youngest representative to the United Nations delegation. He appeared before the UN Sixth Committee on Aggression in October and led Pakistan's delegation to the first UN Conference on the Sea Law in 1958. Bhutto took over the ministry of Commerce from President Iskander Mirza, who presided over the country's youngest cabinet minister, this year. In 1960, he was named Minister of Water and Power, Communications and Industry. Despite his youth and relative inexperience, Bhutto became Ayub Khan's trusted ally and advisor, increasing in influence and acclaim. In 1960, Bhutto assisted his president in negotiating the Indus Water Treaty in India, and the Soviet Union, which promised to provide economic and technical assistance to Pakistan.

Bhutto, a Pakistani nationalist and socialist, was an expert on Pakistan's political transition, with specifics on the type of democracy that is needed. His socialist conviction inspired him to form a close friendship with neighboring China when he first became foreign minister in 1963. Many other nations accepted Taiwan as the legitimate single government of China at a time when two governments claimed to be "China." The Soviet Union and its satellite states broke off relations with Beijing due to ideological divisions, and only Albania and Pakistan supported the People's Republic of China in 1964. Bhutto has steadfastly supported Beijing in the United Nations and in the UNSC, as well as continuing to build bridges to the United States. The US chastised Bhutto's strong support for strengthening ties with China. President Lyndon B. Johnson warned Bhutto that further steps to China would jeopardize congressional help for Pakistan. Bhutto delivered his addresses in a demagogic style, and the foreign ministry was directed vehemently. His leadership style and his quick ascension to power brought him national attention and a following. Bhutto and his workers were welcomed warmly by the Chinese in Beijing, and Bhutto welcomed Mao Zedong with great admiration. Bhutto was a consultant in negotiating trade and military agreements with the Chinese regime, which promised to assist Pakistan in several military and industrial projects.

On March 2, 1963, Bhutto signed the Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement, which converted 750 square kilometers of territory from Pakistan-administered Kashmir to Chinese control, making Pakistan the top figure in non-aligned groups. Bhutto, who believes in pan-Islamic unity, developed closer ties with Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. Bhutto's hitherto pro-West foreign policy had a major influence on Pakistan's hitherto pro-West foreign policy. Although maintaining a prominent position for Pakistan within the Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation and the Central Treaty Organization, Bhutto began claiming that Pakistan should pursue an international policy path that was free of US influence. In the meantime, Bhutto visited both East and West Germany and established a strong link between the two countries. Bhutto's industrial, industrial, and military relations with Germany continued to develop. Bhutto has expanded Pakistan's strategic partnership with Germany. At the University of Munich, Bhutto spoke about the importance of Pakistan and German relations. In 1962, Bhutto returned to Poland and established diplomatic relations. To establish the military and economic link between Pakistan and Poland, Bhutto used Brigadier General Wadys. Bhutto aimed and reached out to the Polish community in Pakistan and opened a new avenue of mutual cooperation.

Beijing planned to launch an invasion in India's northern territories in 1962, as territorial divisions increased between India and China. Pakistani Premier Zhou Enlai and Mao have invited Pakistan to join the strike to rest the State of Jammu and Kashmir from India. Bhutto advocated for the scheme, but Ayub opposed the strategy because he was afraid of reprisal by Indian troops. Rather, Ayub suggested a "joint defence alliance" with India. Bhutto was stunned by such remarks, and he felt that Ayub Khan was unlettered in foreign affairs. Despite Pakistan's membership in anti-communist western alliances, Bhutto was aware that China had declined to condemn Pakistan. According to the wishes of Pakistanis and the "Kashmiris," the United States and Pakistan promised Pakistan that "Kashmir issues" would be addressed in 1962. According to this, Ayub did not participate in the Chinese programs. During and after the 1962 Sino-Indian War, which was seen as an extension of Pakistan's ties with the US, Bhutto chastised the United States for giving military assistance to India.

Meanwhile, Ayub Khan, on Bhutto's advice, launched Operation Gibraltar in the attempt to "liberate" Kashmir. It came to a climactic end, with the Indian Armed Forces launching a successful counter-attack on West Pakistan (Indo-Pakistani War of 1965). This war was the sequel to a brief skirmishes that occurred between March and August 1965 on the international boundaries of Kutch, Jammu, and Punjab. Bhutto arrived in Uzbekistan to broker a peace deal with Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri. Ayub and Shastri have agreed to exchange prisoners of war and remove respective forces from pre-war boundaries. This deal was deeply unpopular in Pakistan, sparking widespread political resistance against Ayub's government. Bhutto's critique of the final deal sparked a huge divide between him and Ayub. Bhutto resigned in June 1966 and voiced skepticism towards Ayub's regime, despite initially dismissing the allegations.

During his reign, Bhutto was known to be establishing tough geostrategic and foreign policies against India. In 1965, Bhutto's Bhutto's colleague Munir Ahmad Khan alerted him of the status of India's nuclear program. According to Bhutto, "Pakistan will fight, fight for a thousand years." If India develops a (atom) bomb, (Pakistan) will eat grass or (leaves), even starving, but we (Pakistan) will have one of our own (atom bomb). In his 1969 book The Myth of Independence Bhutto, argued that it was the "necessity" for Pakistan to purchase the fission weapon and start a so-called deterrence program in order to stand up to the industrialized states and a nuclear-armed India. Bhutto wrote a manifesto and proposed a future roadmap on how the program would be developed and which individual scientists would begin to work. Munir Ahmad Khan was chosen by Bhutto for this role.

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