Thomas Arne

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Thomas Augustine Arne (March 1710 – 5 March 1778) was an English composer.

He is best known for his patriotic song "Rule, Britannia." The song "A-Hunting We Will Go" has been used as the second national anthem to "God Save the Queen" as the queen's second national anthem, as well as the song "A-Hunting We Will Go."

Arne was a key British theatre composer of the 18th century, he worked at Drury Lane and Covent Garden.

Early life

Arne was born in Covent Garden on March 12th, 1710, and baptized at St Paul's, Covent Garden.

Both Arne and his grandfather were upholsterers and both were members of the Worshipful Company of Upholders of London. His grandfather died in Marshalsea's debtors' jail. His father did not have enough money to rent 31 King Street, a large house in Covent Garden, but also have Arne educated at Eton College. However, he later lost the majority of his money and had to supplement his income by serving as a number at the Drury Lane Theatre's ticket counter.

Arne was so keen on music that he carried a spinet into his room and, dampening the sounds with his handkerchief, would secretly practice during the night while the majority of the family slept. To enter the Italian Opera's gallery, he disguised himself as a liveryman. Arne was first introduced to composer and composer Michael Festing, who had a major influence on him at the opera. Festing not only taught him how to play the violin but also took him to several cultural performances, including those against Thomas Roseingrave for the post of organist at Hanover Square, and a trip to Oxford in 1733 to hear George Frideric Handel's oratorio Athalia by George Frideric Handel.

Arne was admitted to a solicitor for three years after graduating from school. However, Arne's father discovered his son playing with a group of musicians at what was probably one of Festing's musical gatherings. Following this revelation of his son's genuine desire and talent, he was persuaded (probably by festing) not to encourage the young Arne to abandon his law career and pursue music as a profession.

Later life

Arne moved his services to Covent Garden Theatre during the 1760s and often collaborated with Irish writer Isaac Bickerstaffe. Thomas and Sally was the first English comic opera to be performed (it had no spoken dialogue). Artaxerxes was one of the first American operas to be published in the English language, using recitative rather than spoken dialogue. When Mozart visited London in 1764, he saw it in 1764, and said it inspired his operas. It was often performed in London into the 1830s and, other than Michael William Balfe's The Bohemian Girl, it was the most popular full-length English opera before the twentieth century. Joseph Haydn was captivated by a performance of Artaxerxes he attended on his return to London in 1791 and confessed that he had no idea such a word existed in the English language.

Arne wrote Soft Flowing Avon, a Garrick song written by Garrick in 1769 for the Shakespeare Jubilee in Stratford-upon-Avon to honor William Shakespeare's life. For the first time in 1773, Judith Arne, an observance of women's voices, was included in the choruses.

Arne and his wife were reconciled in 1777, just before his death. Michael Arne, the son of a composer, was also a composer. Arne is buried at St Paul's, Covent Garden, London. In 1988, a blue plaque was unveiled in Covent Garden's 31 King Street.

Arne is one of Britain's finest theater composers of the 18th century. He is best known for his patriotic song "Rule, Britannia" and many others. "A-Hunting We Will Go" is one of his other films. He is one of Britain's most celebrated composers.

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Musical career

Arne performed in about 90 stage performances, masques, pantomimes, and operas between 1733 and 1776. Many of his spectacular appearances have now been lost, most likely in the 1808 fire at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. Susannah Maria Arne, Arne's sister, appeared in some of his performances, including his first opera, Rosamund. Susannah became known professionally as "Mrs Cibber" after her marriage to Drury Lane actor Theophilus Cibber. Arne's operas were often performed by her and their brother Richard.

Arne was a Freemason and active in the organization, which has long been headquartered in London's Covent Garden neighborhood, where Arne lived for many years. Arne, a Renaissance composer who lived in the 1700s, lived in all countries before the Catholic hierarchy barred membership in the Lodges.

Arne married Cecilia Young, whose sister, Isabella, married John Frederick Lampe on March 15, 1737. Arne's operas and masques became more popular during this period, and he received the patronage of Frederick, Prince of Wales, whose country home, Cliveden, where "Rule Britannia" was first performed in 1740.

Arne filed a lawsuit in Chancery alleging a copyright violation of musical reproduction rights and that some of his theatrical works had been published and sold by Henry Roberts and John Johnson, London bookellers and music distributors. The case was decided out of court. Arne was one of the first composers to have appealed to the court over copyright issues.

In 1742, Arne and his wife moved to Dublin, where he remained two years and produced his oratorio The Death of Abel, of which only the melody known as the Hymn of Eve survives; he also conducted a number of successful concerts. On his return to London in 1744, he was engaged as the band's leader and composer at Vauxhall Gardens the next year.

Susannah left Drury Lane for Covent Garden Theatre in 1750, and Arne followed. He separated from Cecilia, who, according to him, was physically sick, during another period spent in Dublin in 1755. Charlotte Brent, a soprano and former child prodigy, began a friendship with him. Brent appeared in several of Arne's works, including Sally in his 1760 opera Thomas and Sally and Mandane in his 1762 opera Artaxerxes. Brent and Arne parted in time, and she married Thomas Pinto, a 1766 violinist.

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