Soong Ching-ling

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Soong Ching-ling (27 January 1893 to 29 May 1981) was a Chinese political figure.

Sun Yat-sen's third wife, one of the 1911 revolution that established the Republic of China, was often referred to as Madame Sun Yat-sen.

She was a member of the Soong family and, alongside her siblings, played a key role in China's history before and after 1949. She held several influential positions in the new administration, including Vice Chairman (1949-1954; 1959–1975) and Vice Chairman (1959–1981) before the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, including Vice Chairman (1949–1955; 1975–1981); she represented her country at a number of international events.

However, she was heavily criticized during the Cultural Revolution.

When Dong was elected Acting President Liu Shaoqi in 1968, she and Dong Biwu became de facto Heads of State of China until 1972.

Soong lived through the Cultural Revolution's political instability, but after 1976, it became less prominent.

Soong was also the acting Head of State from 1976 to 1978 as the acting Chairwoman of the National People's Congress.

During her final illness in May 1981, she was given the honor of "Honorary President of the People's Republic of China."

Life and activities before 1949

Soong Ch'ing-ling was born in Chuansha, Pudong, China, second of six children, and was born to businessman and missionary Charlie Soong. She graduated from McTyeire School for Girls in Shanghai and Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia, United States. She spoke fluent English as a result of being educated in English for the bulk of her life, as she did her siblings. Rosamonde was her Christian name. Chung-ling Soong was her passport name in the early years, and Rosamonde Chung-ling Soong was her Wesleyan College diploma.

On October 25, 1915, Soong married Sun Yat-sen, the founder of China's 1911 revolution and founding of the Kuomintang party (KMT or Nationalist Party). Despite being a Christian, her parents strongly opposed the match as he was 26 years old.

She was elected to the KMT Central Executive Committee following Sun's death in 1925.

However, she left China for Moscow after the Communist Party was banned from the KMT in 1927, accusing the KMT of betraying her husband's legacy. May-ling, her younger sister, married Chiang Kai-shek, a Methodist like Soong and her sisters. This made Chiang Soong's brother-in-law an uncle. Sun Yat-sen is still one of the founders of their movement and says he was regarded as a proto-communist and that the economic component of Sun's ideology was socialism. "Our Principle of Livelihood is a symbol of communism," Sun said. Following their attempts to establish a leftist Chinese front in Moscow from 1928, the cadre's first warm public reception, to which Soong Ching-ling belonged, was dissatisfied.

Sun Yat-sen was transferred from his temporary burial site in Beijing to a new memorial in Nanjing in June 1929, but she did not return until July 1931, when her mother died in July 1931. She remained in Shanghai after the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in July 1937. Following the outbreak of hostilities, she travelled first to Hong Kong (where she befriended future restaurateur and philanthropist Madame Wu [Sylvia Cheng]) and then to Chongqing, China's wartime capital. She founded the China Defense League in 1939, raising funds and searching for supplies mainly for the Chinese Communist-controlled areas of northern China. The China Welfare Fund, founded in 1946, was continuing to look for funds and assistance for the Chinese Communists.

Soong stayed with her family and praised the Communists during the Chinese Civil War. She became the honorary chairwoman of the Kuomintang's Revolutionary Committee in 1948, a right-wing splinter group of the KMT claiming to be the legitimate heir to Sun's legacy. With the demise of the Nationalist government and the Communist triumph in the civil war, she departed Shanghai in September 1949 to attend the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPC), which was convened in Beijing by the Chinese Communist Party to establish a new Central People's Government. She was a guest at the Tiananmen Square ceremony on October 1st., which commemorated the founding of the People's Republic of China. The Nationalist government issued a summons for her detention, but the Communists' rapid military victory over the Communists blocked this shortly. Soon after this, the KMT migrated from mainland China to Taiwan.

Later life and death

After the Cultural Revolution, Soong's public appearances were limited, and she was in general poor health, but her articles, mainly on children's welfare problems, began to appear in the media. On May 8, 1981, she appeared in a wheelchair at the Great Hall of People to award an honorary LL.D. Victoria University's degree has been awarded. A few days later, she was already running a high fever and was unable to recover. She was accepted into the Communist Party on May 16th, less than two weeks before her death, and named Honorary Chairwoman of the People's Republic of China (). She is the only one to hold this rank. She had hoped to join the Chinese Communist Party as early as 1957, according to one of Soong's biographers. However, when she asked Liu for permission to join the party, she was turned down because "it was decided not to join the revolution officially," but rather that she and her representative be notified about all important inner-Party issues, not just those concerning the government."

Soong died in Beijing on May 29, 1981 at the age of 88.

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