Roberto Rossellini

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Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini (1906-2007) was an Italian film director, screenwriter, and producer.

Rossellini was one of the founders of the Italian neorealist cinema, contributing to the revival with films including Rome, Open City (1945), Year Zero (1948), and General Della Rovere (1959).

Early life

Rossellini was born in Rome and died. Elettra (née Bellan), a housewife born in Rovigo, Veneto, and his father, Angiolo Giuseppe "Peppino" Rossellini, who owned a building company, was born in Rome from a family hailing from Pisa, Tuscany. His mother, who had arrived in Italy during the Napoleonic Wars, was of partial French descent, and her ancestor was a french immigrant. He lived on the Via Ludovisi, where Benito Mussolini's first Roman hotel opened in 1922 in Italy, when Fascism took power.

The young Rossellini's father built the first theater in Rome, the "Barberini," a theater where films could be projected; the young Rossellini's son received a free ticket to the theater at an early age. When his father died, he worked in film sound-making and, for a brief period, he spent all the ancillary jobs related to the production of a film, compiling proficiency in each field. Renzo, Rossellini's younger brother, appeared in several of his films.

Despite not being religious, he was nevertheless interested in Christian values in the modern world; he loved Catholic ethics and religious sentiment, which were considered unheard in the materialist world.

Personal life

Rossellini married Assia Noris, a Russian actress who appeared in Italian films, in 1934. The marriage was annulled in 1936. Marcella De Marchis (17 January 1916, Rome), a costume designer with whom he collaborated long after their marriage was over, married Marcella De Marchis (17 January 1916, Sarteano), on the 26th of September 1936. Marco Romano (born 3 July 1937 and died of appendicitis in 1946) and Renzo (born 24 August 1941). In 1950, Rossellini and De Marchis divorced.

Rossellini was filming Stromboli with Ingrid Bergman (who was then married to Petter Lindström) in 1949. Renato Roberto Giuseppe ("Robin") Rossellini, a film director who was born in 1950, gave birth to a child in the same month as the film was released. Bergman divorced Lindström and married Rossellini in Mexico a week after their son was born. Isotta Ingrid Rossellini and Isabella Rossellini gave birth to their twin daughters Isotta Ingrid Rossellini and Isabella Rossellini on June 18, 1952.

Rossellini had an affair with Bengali screenwriter Sonali Dasgupta (née Senroy), and immediately after, Bergman and Rossellini split. When she was 27 years old, Rossellini eloped with Dasgupta in 1957. Arjun, renamed Gil Rossellini (23 October 1956 – 3 October 2010), a New York-based film producer, adopted her young son Arjun, who became a New York-based film director. Raffaella Rossellini (born 1958), an actress and model, was Rossellini and Dasgupta's daughter together.

Rossellini left Dasgupta for producer Silvia D'Amico Bendic in 1973, but he continued to Dasgupta until his death from a heart attack at age 71 in 1977.

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Career

In 1937, Rossellini shot his first film, "Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune", which was possibly unreleased and later lost. After this essay, he was called to work as assistant director on Goffredo Alessandrini's in making Luciano Serra pilota, one of the most successful Italian films of the first half of the 20th century, and later worked on Francesco De Robertis's 1940 film Uomini sul Fondo. His close friendship with Vittorio Mussolini, son of Il Duce, has been interpreted as a possible reason for having been preferred to other apprentices.

Some authors describe the first part of his career as a sequence of trilogies. His first feature film, The White Ship (1941) was sponsored by the audiovisual propaganda centre of Navy Department and is the first work in Rossellini's "Fascist Trilogy", together with A Pilot Returns (1942) and The Man with a Cross (1943). To this period belongs his friendship and cooperation with Federico Fellini and Aldo Fabrizi. The Fascist regime collapsed in 1943, and just two months after the liberation of Rome (4 June 1944), Rossellini was preparing the anti-fascist Roma città aperta (Rome, Open City 1945). Fellini assisted on the script and Fabrizi played the role of the priest, while Rossellini self-produced. Most of the money came from credits and loans, and film had to be found on the black market. This dramatic film was an immediate success. Rossellini had started now his so-called Neorealistic Trilogy, the second title of which was Paisà (1946), produced with non-professional actors, and the third, Germany, Year Zero (1948), sponsored by a French producer and filmed in Berlin's French sector. In Berlin also, Rossellini preferred non-actors, but he was unable to find a face he found "interesting"; he placed his camera in the center of a town square, as he did for Paisà, but was surprised when nobody came to watch.

As he declared in an interview "in order to really create the character that one has in mind, it is necessary for the director to engage in a battle with his actor which usually ends with submitting to the actor's wish. Since I do not have the desire to waste my energy in a battle like this, I only use professional actors occasionally". One of the reasons for success is supposed to be Rossellini's rewriting of the scripts according to the non-professional actors' feelings and histories. Regional accent, dialect, and costumes were shown in the film as they were in real life.

After his Neorealist Trilogy, Rossellini produced two films now classified as the 'Transitional films': L'Amore (1948) (with Anna Magnani) and La macchina ammazzacattivi (1952), on the capability of cinema to portray reality and truth (with recalls of commedia dell'arte). In 1948, Rossellini received a letter from a famous foreign actress proposing a collaboration:

With this letter began one of the best-known love stories in film history, with Bergman and Rossellini both at the peak of their careers. Their first collaboration was Stromboli terra di Dio (1950) (in the island of Stromboli, and its volcano quite conveniently erupted during filming). This affair caused a great scandal in some countries (Bergman and Rossellini were married to other people); the scandal intensified when Bergman became pregnant with Renato Roberto Ranaldo Giusto Giuseppe ("Robin") Rossellini. Rossellini and Bergman had two more children, Isabella Rossellini (actress & model) and her twin, Ingrid Isotta. Europa '51 (1952), Siamo Donne (1953), Journey to Italy (1954), La paura (1954) and Giovanna d'Arco al rogo (1954) were the other films on which they worked together.

In 1957, Jawaharlal Nehru, the prime minister of India at the time, invited him to India to make the documentary India and put some life into the floundering Indian Films Division. Though married to Bergman, he had an affair with Sonali Senroy Dasgupta, a screenwriter, herself married to local filmmaker Harisadhan Dasgupta, who was helping develop vignettes for the film. Given the climate of the 1950s, this led to a huge scandal in India as well as in Hollywood. Nehru had to ask Rossellini to leave. Soon after, Bergman and Rossellini separated.

In 1971, Rice University in Houston, Texas, invited Rossellini to help establish a Media Center, where in 1970 he had begun planning a film on science with Rice professor Donald D. Clayton. They worked daily for two weeks in Rome in summer 1970, but financing was insufficient for filming to begin. In 1973, he was invited to teach at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, where he taught a one-semester course titled "The Essential Image."

Rossellini's final project was the documentary Beaubourg, filmed in 1977 and first premiered in 1983.

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