Luigi Di Maio

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Luigi Di Maio (Italian pronunciation: [ludi di mama]; born 6 July 1986) is an Italian politician. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2019 to 2022, as Deputy Prime Minister of Italy and Minister of Economic Growth, Labour, and Social Policies from 2018 to 2019, as Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies in the XVII Italian legislature from 2018 to 2022.

Di Maio was the head of the Five Star Movement, an anti-establishment movement founded by Beppe Grillo from September 2017 to January 2020. Since leading the party into coalition with the center-left Democratic Party, he resigned from this position to quell dissatisfaction and stem the flow of party desertions and expulsions. Di Maio departed the M5S in June 2022 due to differences with Giuseppe Conte over providing assistance to Ukraine against the Russian invasion, forming his own national party, Together for the Future, which formed the Civic Commitment (IC) electoral alliance in the run-up to the 2022 Italian general election.

Early life

Luigi Di Maio was born in 1986 in Avellino, Italy; he was the eldest of three brothers. Antonio's father, Antonio, was a small real estate developer and local councilor for the Italian Social Movement (MSI), while his mother, a Italian and Latin professor, was a tutor.

Di Maio studied at the Liceo Classico and then enrolled at Universico II to study engineering, but after failing, he switched to jurisprudence. Di Maio is a dropout and has never graduated from university.

He was born as an apprentice journalist in 2007 and then went on to work as a webmaster. At the Stadio San Paolo in Naples, he will then become a concessions vendor selling water.

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Political career

Di Maio was one of the founders of the political party "Friends of Beppe Grillo," the precursors of the Five Star Movement (M5S), which was established in October 2009.

He ran for the Council elections in Pomigliano in 2010, winning 59 votes and refusing to be elected.

He was nominated for the M5S with 189 online votes and elected to the Chamber of Deputies of the Italian Parliament at 26 years old in the 2013 election. He became the youngest Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies on March 21, 2013.

Following a lawsuit lodged by Marika Cassimatis, a former M5S mayoral candidate in Genoa, Di Maio was officially investigated for defamation on July 12, 2017, although journalist Elena Polidori lodged a countersuit against him on August 28th, 2017. Di Maio invoked his parliamentary privilege; he had previously criticized this right and promised never to use it.

Beppe Grillo announced that he would run in the 2018 race, but not as the candidate for Prime Minister Beppe Grillo. Di Maio was considered the front runner and the most likely candidate for Italy's premiership.

Di Maio had been characterized as the most "functional" and "societal" leader, but also the least popular Five Star politician; he is also the leader of the moderate and "government" factions of the movement. Alessandro Di Battista, a politician and personal friend of Di Maio, or Roberto Fico, the M5S' left-wing party's chief and rival of Di Maio and Di Battista, are among the top candidates.

Senator Elena Fattori (Vice President of the 9th Permanent Senate Committee) and six other city councilors were among Di Maio's opponents. Many of them were little known, and Lega Nord and Forza Italia, the Democratic Party's apprehension, said the vote was a false primary election, with the sole aim of naming Di Maio as the M5S candidate without having a credible challenger.

With more than 82% of the vote, Di Maio was elected Prime Minister of Greece and Political Head of the M5S in September 2017.

The M5S won the majority of votes and seats in the 2018 general election, while the centre-left alliance, led by former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, emerged as the most popular political party in the chamber of Deputies and Senate, while the center-left coalition, led by former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, came third. However, no political group or party secured an outright majority, resulting in a hung parliament.

Di Maio's appeal to the PD on April 7th to "bury the hatchet" and consider a governing coalition with his party.

President Mattarella launched a third round of government formation talks on May 7th, after which he officially confirmed that there were no potential majority (M5S and League's failure to endorse such a position) would lead Italy to an election in July, despite M5S and League's refusal to endorse such a position, as well as M5S' decision not to support such a minority), leaving it to a majority government in the first round of a referendum in Italy, regardless of the party's a a a a third round of government formation talks on Maya a constitutionally he announced that a referendum (M5Sa adoutputput: a center-right coalition with M5S rejecting an alliance, a a a a o's's's explicitly rejected by M5S's a center-right coalition's, a center-toed's; however, a center-right coalition a centre-right coalition, and League's). On July 8, the Lega and M5S decided to schedule new elections, but all other groups had initially rejected this option.

After a day of rumours, both Di Maio and Salvini officially begged President Mattarella to allow them 24 more hours to reach a government deal between the two sides on May 9th. Silvio Berlusconi announced later that evening that Forza Italia would not support a M5S-League government in a vote of confidence, but that the center-right alliance will nevertheless exist, potentially opening the door to a potential majority government for the two groups.

The prime minister's resignation on May 13th, according to a basic government agreement, but could not find an agreement on a government budget, most likely allowing the establishment of a coalition government between the two groups. On May 14, M5S and League representatives met with Italian President Sergio Mattarella to discuss the formation of a new government. Both sides requested that the joint government be negotiated for an additional week after meeting with President Mattarella. Both M5S and the League have confirmed that they intend to request their respective members to vote on the government deal by the weekend.

Despite reports in the Italian press that President Mattarella still had reservations about the new government's course, Di Maio and Salvini suggested private law professor Giuseppe Conte for the role as Prime Minister in the 2018 Italian government on May 21. Conte was invited to the Quirinal Palace on May 23rd, 2018 to receive the presidential mandate to form a new cabinet. Conte said in a traditional tweet after his appointment that he would be the "defense lawyer of Italian people."

Conte resigned from his post on May 27th, however, due to differences between Salvini and President Mattarella, Conte resigned to his position on May 27. Salvini had suggested Paolo Savona as Minister of Finance and Finances, but Mattarella sluggishly opposed him, considering Savona's too Eurosceptic and anti-German. Mattarella said in his address after Conte's resignation that the two sides intended to separate Italy from the Eurozone, and that as the guarantor of Italy's constitutional integrity and country's stability, he could not allow this.

Mattarella gave Carlo Cottarelli, a former president of the International Monetary Fund, the task of establishing a new government on the following day. The Democratic Party (PD) declared on May 28th that it would not vote in favor of Cottarelli, while the Five Star Movement and the centre-right factions Forza Italia (FI), Brothers of Italy (FdI) and the League announced their opposition on May 28, 2018.

On May 29, Cottarelli was supposed to present his list of ministers to President Mattarella for his approval. On the other hand, he held only informal discussions with the President on 29 May and May, awaiting the establishment of a "political government." Matteo Salvini and Luigi Di Maio, both announced their willingness to reopen the talks to create a political government, while Giorgia Meloni, the FdI's leader, pledged her support for the campaign. M5S and the League signed an agreement on May 31 to form a new government without Paolo Savona as finance minister (he became minister of European affairs instead), with Conte at the helm.

In the first Conte government, Di Maio was elected Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Growth, Labour, and Social Policies.

As minister, he introduced the so-called "citizens' money" (Italian: reddito di cittadinanza), a social security scheme that provides a basic income and assistance in finding a job to homeless people and families, which was one of the main targets of the M5S 2018 initiative. The income was set to reach a maximum of €780 a month, and the program attracted almost 2.7 million people in its first year.

Di Maio's party suffered a big defeat in May 2019, shifting from 32,68 percent (March 2018) to 17,06%, the biggest change in 14 months.

Salvini, Di Maio's co-serving prime minister, declared a motion of no confidence against Conte in August 2019, despite growing tensions within the majority and after Salvini tried to lead the country after losing the elections in May 2019. Salvini's move came after a vote in the Senate regarding the construction of the Turin-Lyon high-speed railway, in which the Lega voted against the M5S' attempt to stop the building works. Many political analysts believe the no confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to raise Lega's visibility in Parliament, assuring Salvini could become the next Prime Minister. Following Conte's spirited debate in which Conte sluggishly accused Salvini of causing the political crisis only to serve his personal interest," the Prime Minister resigned his position to President Sergio Mattarella on August 20.

Following Conte's resignation, the national board of the PD opened an investigation into the possibility of a new cabinet in a M5S coalition, based on pro-Europeanism, green economy, sustainable growth, fight against economic inequality, and a new immigration strategy. Di Maio was initially dismissive, and rumors of forming a second cabinet between M5S and Lega emerged, with Di Maio as Prime Minister. However, the PD later accepted the M5S bid to keep Conte as the head of the M5S government, and President Mattarella officially invested Conte in the work on August 29.

Beppe Grillo, the founder of Five Stars, endorsed the PD in a "unique opportunity" to reform the country on September 1st. The members of the Five Star Movement overwhelmingly approved an agreement with the Democrats on September 3rd, under Giuseppe Conte's premiership, receiving more than 79% of favorable votes out of nearly 80,000. Di Maio was sworn in as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the new government on September 5th.

Di Maio resigned as the M5S' leader on January 22, 2020, four days before critical elections in a few states, due to growing resistance against his choices as leader.

In early 2020, Di Maio supported the government-imposed national lockdown in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Silvia Romano, a 23-year-old Italian humanitarian, was kidnapped in Kenya by a group of terrorists connected to Al-Shabaab in November 2018. Conte announced her freedom in a tweet on May 9, 2020. Immediately after the announcement, rumors about the ransom paid to the kidnappers increased, which, according to some estimates, stood at around €4 million. In addition, Romano was the object of a right-wing movement's hate campaign after she converted to Islam during captivity. Alessandro Pagano, a member of the League, called her a "neo-terrorist" during a vote in the Chamber of Deputies.

Two Italian fishing boats were captured by the Libyan Coast Guard on September 1, 2020, as well as their crews of eighteen sailors total, while reportedly fishing in Libya's territorial waters in the Southern Mediterranean. Prime Minister Conte and Minister Di Maio demanded that the immediate release be carried out, but Libyan commander Khalifa Haftar denied it, requesting a prisoner exchange. Conte declared that the eighteen fishermen had been released on December 17, 2020.

Di Maio was instrumental in the transfer of Enrico "Chico" Forti, an Italian citizen who was controversially sentenced to life prison for the murder of an American citizen 20 years ago. "This is an extremely important result, which honors a long and patient political and diplomatic career," Di Maio said on December 23rd. Chico Forti, who will soon be able to return to his homeland country, close to his relatives, has never forgotten him."

Giuseppe Conte resigned as Prime Minister in February 2021, following Italia Viva's resignation from the cabinet. Italian President Sergio Mattarella had invited Mario Draghi, the former President of the European Central Bank, to lead a government of national unity. Di Maio was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs on February 13th.

Di Maio met with Ukrainian President Dmytro Kuleba in Kyiv on February 2022 to speak with his Ukrainian counterpart Dmytro Kuleba, while Di Maio met with Russian Foreign Affairs Minister Sergey Lavrov on February 175. "Italy has always been committed to the front row for a diplomatic solution," Di Maio said in Moscow. [...] Both Russia and Ukraine can depend on Italy to find a diplomatic solution." Vladimir Putin declared a full invasion of Ukraine on February 24; Di Maio scathingly condemned Russia's offensive and called for tough international sanctions against Russia.

Conte and Di Maio's 2022 tensions grew within the M5S; the two leading advocates of the movement clashed several times over government policy as well as in the run-up to the 2022 presidential election, which Conte briefly supported, alongside Salvini, against Di Maio's campaign. Conte, who became particularly outraged in June 2022 over the government's reaction to the Ukraine war and the delivery of military aids to Kyiv's government, on the other hand, Di Maio praised it. Di Maio also referred to the new party's leadership as "immature," while Conte and his closest allies threatened to exile Di Maio from the party. Di Maio, as well as several deputies and senators, left the M5S on June 21 and formed Together for the Future, the IpF's successor. "We had to decide which side of the story we should stand on," Di Maio said at a press conference. The Five Star Movement's leaders attempted to weaken Italy, putting the government in jeopardy for reasons relating to its own consensus crisis. I praise the movement for all it has achieved for me, but a new one opens today. As a result, Di Maio was strongly chastised both by many M5S owners and Grillo, the M5S' founder, who was accused of mistreating the M5S' founding principles that he had enthusiastically advocated for in the past.

Following the resignation of prime minister Draghi and the call for a snap election in September, Di Maio and Bruno Tabacci, the leader of the Democratic Centre (CD), a centrist political alliance, formed Civic Commitment (IC) on August 1st 2022. Despite the fact that he supported the PD in the run-up to the general election and resigned from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, bringing de facto an end to this electoral list.

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