Gustavo Petro

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Gustavo Petro Urrego (Spanish pronunciation: [usta fana nre urege]; born 19 April 1960) is Colombian economist, politician, and former rebel fighter who is Colombia's current president since 2022. On the second round of the 2022 Colombian presidential election, he defeated Rodolfo Suárez Suárez. Petro was dubbed Colombia's first-ever left-wing president after taking office by analysts.

Petro became a member of the 19th of April Movement, a national party in which he was elected to serve in the 1991 Colombian parliamentary election. Following the 2006 Colombian parliamentary election with the second largest vote in history, he served as a senator in the Alternative Democratic Pole (PDA) party. He resigned from his position in 2009 to run in the 2010 Colombian presidential election, finishing fourth in the field.

He formed the Humane Colombia campaign to challenge Bogotá's mayorship due to ideological divisions with the PDA's chiefs. He was elected mayor in the local elections on October 30, 2011, a position he assumed on January 1, 2012. He finished second in the first round of the 2018 Colombian presidential election on 27 May and lost in the run-off election on June 17.

Early life

Petro was born in Ciénaga de Oro, Colombia's department of Córdoba, in 1960. Francesco Petro, his great-grandfather, immigrated from Southern Italy in 1870, which is why he has Italian citizenship. Petro was raised in the Catholic faith and has said he has a dream of God from liberation theology, although he also doubted God's existence.

Petro's family, looking for a better future, moved to Zipaquirá, Colombia's more affluent inland town, just north of Bogotá, in the 1970s.

Petro studied at Universo de Hermanos de La Salle, where he founded the student newspaper Carta al Pueblo ("Letter to the People").

At the age of 17, Petro became a member of the 19th of April Movement (M-19), a Colombian rebel group that emerged in 1974 in opposition to the National Front government after allegations of manipulation in the 1970 election. In the book One Hundred Years of Solitude, he used the pseudonym of Aurelio, a character.

He was instrumental in the building of what would become the Bold 83 neighborhood with the M-19. He escorted the seizure of a piece of land to accommodate 400 poor families who had been forcibly displaced by paramilitary organizations, then assisted in the establishment of the Bold 83 neighborhood. He then went completely underground and became close to Carlos Pizarro, one of the M-19's key commanders, and pleaded with him on the importance of a negotiated political solution to the Colombian civil war and the transition to a Constituent Assembly. Petro was a ombudsman of Zipaquirá from 1981 to 1986, and he served as a leader during his time in 19 April.

Petro was arrested by the army in 1985 for the unlawful possession of arms. He was tortured in the stables of the XIII Brigade for ten days and then sentenced to 18 months in jail. Petro changed his ideology during his detention, no longer seeing armed resistance as a viable option for public support. M-19 was involved in peace negotiations with the government in 1987.

Petro obtained a degree in economics from the University Externado de Colombia and began graduate studies at Escuela Superior de Administración Pblica (ESAP). He received a master's degree in economics from Universidad Javeriana later this year. He then moved to Belgium and began his graduate studies in Economy and Human Rights at Université catholique de Louvain. He also started his studies at the University of Salamanca in Spain, obtaining a doctorate in public administration.

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Political career

Former M-19 supporters (including Petro) formed the M-19 Democratic Alliance, which gained a large number of seats in the Chamber of Representatives in 1991, representing the Department of Cundinamarca. In July 1994, he spoke with Lieutenant Colonel Hugo Chávez, who had just been released from jail for his involvement in the 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt, for an event on Bolivarian thought led by Petro's legislative assistant, José Cuesta.

Petro was elected to the Chamber of Representatives in 2002 as a member of Bogotá's VA Alterna political party, which he founded with former colleague Antonio Navarro Wolff and other former M-19 representatives. During this period, Petro received 25 votes of 125 consulted members to be named as the 2006 "Best Congressman," against 24 that held that no representative was worthy of being elected because of the legislative period was defined by misogyny and a lack of sessions.

Petro, a member of Vá Alterna, formed the Independent Democratic Pole, which fused with the Alternativa Democrática in 2005 to form the Alternative Democratic Pole, unites a large number of radical political figures.

Petro was elected to the Senate in 2006, triggering the country's second highest voter turnout. During the year, he exposed the Parapolitics scandal, accusing members and followers of mingling with paramilitary groups in order to "reclaim" Colombia.

Senator Petro vehemently condemned the government of lvaro Uribe. Enilse López, the lottery businesswoman who also known as "La Gata" [the cat], was demolished in 2005 when Petro, a member of the Chamber of Representatives, blasted the lottery businesswoman (the cat). She was detained and detained as a result of her ties to the (now disbanded) paramilitary group United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC). Petro said that the AUC financially supported the 2002 presidential campaign of lvaro Uribe. Uribe denied Petro's assertions during his reelection bid in 2006, but Enilse López claimed to have received financial assistance from him.

Petro aided in the discussion of the Parapolitics affair during lvaro Uribe's second term as president. Petro ignited a public verbal dispute with President Uribe in February 2007 after Petro suggested that the president should have stopped negotiating the demobilization process of paramilitaries in Colombia; this came after allegations that Uribe's brother, Santiago Uribe, was a member of the Twelve Apostles paramilitary party in the mid-1990s. President Uribe responded by accusing Petro of being a "terrorist in civilian clothing" and summoning the opposition to a free debate.

Petro started a discussion in Congress on CONVIIR and the emergence of paramilitarism in Antioquia's Antioquia Department on April 17, 2007. During a two-hour address, he presented a number of papers demonstrating the links between members of the Colombian military, the new political leadership, opioid addicts, and paramilitary organisations. Petro also sluggishly criticized the behavior of lvaro Uribe as Governor of Antioquia during the CONVIVIR years, as well as a old photograph of Santiago delvaro Uribe and Colombian drug trafficker Fabio Ochoa Vázquez.

Carlos Holli, the Minister of Interior and Justice, and Andrés Uriel Gallego, the Minister of Transport, were asked to protect the president and his cabinet. Both of them questioned Petro's past as a revolutionary figure and accused him of "not condemning the bloodshed of violent people." The bulk of Petro's arguments were dismissed as mud-slinging. "I would have been a great guerrilla because I wouldn't have been a guerrilla of mud," the president said, not a guerrilla of arms but a guerrilla of rifles. I would have been a soldier not a fake protagonist."

Santiago Uribe, President Uribe's brother, said that his father and the Ochoa brothers had grown up together and were in the Paso Fino horse trade together. He then said that he had many photographs taken with several photographers, which was unexpected.

The Vigilance and Security Superintendence Department released a communique on April 18, 2007 in response to Petro's allegations regarding CONvivIVIR groups. Many of the organisations listed were authorised by the Departments of Sucre and Córdoba, but not by the Antioquia government, according to the Superintendence, who later announced that eight CONVIVIR organizations had been removed from criminal responsibility, but not by the Antioquia government. It was also stated that the "Julian Bolvar" arachnical leader had not been identified as such and was not affiliated with any CONVIVIR during these groups' authorization.

Petro has frequently reported risks to himself and his families' lives, as well as government-run security companies' persecution. Two Colombian Army intelligence non-commissioned officers who had been spying on Petro and his family in the municipality of Tenjo, Cundinamarca, were arrested on May 7. These people had first registered themselves as members of the Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS) of Colombia's Intelligence Service (DAS), but Andrés Peate, the agency's director, denied their charges.

Petro declared his candidature for 2010 in 2008. He distanced himself from government policy and, along with Lucho Garzón and Maria Emma Mejia, formed a dissatisfied faction within the Alternative Democratic Pole. Following Garzón's departure from the party, Petro suggested a "great national agreement to end Colombia's conflict" based on removing organized crime from office, improving the judicial system, land reform, democratic socialism, and a security framework that differs significantly from President Uribe's policies. Gustavo Petro defeated Carlos Gaviria in a primary election on September 27, 2009, becoming the Alternative Democratic Pole candidate for the 2010 presidential election.

Petro did better than polls expected in the presidential election on May 30th. He received a total of 1,331,267 votes, representing 9.1% of the total, ranking as the fourth candidate in the vote total, behind Germán Vargas Lleras and ahead of Noem Sann.

Gustavo Petro won the municipal election in Bogota on October 30, 2011. He took office on January 1, 2012. He is Colombia's first ex-guerrilla to occupy such a prominent position.

The Bogotá Humana movement's aim was to combat poverty and injustice, to combat climate change, increase citizen involvement in decision-making, and combat structural injustice, as the former mayor and his senatorial brother have enriched themselves by giving public contracts to businesses in exchange for bribes. However, his service is not well received by the traditional political classes; in fact, several media outlets are calling for his resignation well before his inauguration.

During Petro's reign, laws such as the ban on carrying firearms were introduced, contributing to the decrease of the homicide rate in the El Bronx sector of the city, where seizures of drugs and firearms were carried out; the LGBTI Citizenship Center was established; and 49 centers for birth control and abortion care were also established in states that were not permitted by law.

The social policies that were introduced as a result of poverty reduction and increased public services accelerated poverty reduction; during his tenure, over half a million people were lifted out of poverty and infant mortality dropped. This is the result of a combination of public policies (minimum drinking water supply for every family, preventive health service in impoverished neighborhoods, kindergartens, and the development of public education, youth centers for art education, and preferential transportation rates for the poor).

In response to global warming, Petro suggested a program to protect the wetlands of Bogotá, as well as a strategy for the protection of water. He also revealed plans to plant over 200,000 trees. Following the Constitutional Court's order, a process of banning animal-drawn vehicles used by waste pickers began, putting many out of work; some were replaced by automobiles and subsidies; others were out of service.

Petro outlawed bullfighting within the Santamar Bullring in June 2012, a move that was later rejected by the Constitutional Court later.

Mobile Attention Centers for Drug Addicts (CAMAD) were established in the field of public health. With these steps, the aim was to minimize the reliance of the homeless in the streets of the sector on narcotic drugs from drug manufacturers, as well as providing psychological and medical assistance.

Two primary-care clinics at San Juan de Dios Hospital, which had closed in 2001, were put into operation during his administration. The Mayor has promised to purchase the Hospital grounds and reopen one of the complex's buildings. The project was postponed due to the Cundinamarca government's prohibition of the selling of the properties. The formalities for the reopening of the San Juan de Dios Hospital Complex were finally formalized on February 11, 2015, as mayor of Bogotá. The district purchased the hospital with the intention of reopening it. The district had difficulties with the new patients who became part of the EPS Capital Salud for the last month during his last month in office, long before the liquidation of Saludcoop on December 1, 2015.

The implementation of the Integrated Public Transport System (SITP) began during Petro's reign, and it was launched in mid-2012. In addition, the District received subsidies to reduce Transcriptio tariffs, which were also reduced. In turn, the government gave the population of SISBEN 1 and 2 a 40% discount for the ticket, which cost the ticket for the people linked to the SISBEN 1 and 2. For which it paid 138 billion pesos, from early 2014 to late 2014. Since people were required to enroll in a database, this grant was not available to everyone right away.

Petro also recommended the construction of a subway in the city. During his tenure as a minister of Colombia, he subpoenaed studies of the subway network, which then came to a conclusion in 2014. Enrique Pealosa, Petro's successor, canceled the subway plans under discussion, claiming lower investment and greater coverage. Several independent studies have found that both the social and economic cost of an elevated railway system has been higher than the original underground railway system designed by the previous administration.

Petro was part of the opposition party's recall campaign and aided by the signatures of over 600,000 residents during his time as mayor. Following the legal verification, 357,250 signatures were verified, and many more than legally required to begin the process were accepted. Inspector General Alejandro Ordonado was barred from office for 15 years and barred from political work for 15 years as a result of the law's sanctions. His punishment was reportedly imposed on account of mismanagement and ineffective acts signed during the construction of his garbage collection scheme. The Inspector's career was characterized as controversial, politically partisan, and undemocratic, sparking a demonstration.

Despite being offered an injunction by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, which suspended Inspector General Ordóz's punishment, President Juan Manuel Santos upheld the dismissal and Petro was suspended from office in 19 March 2014. Rafael Pardo, the Temporary Mayor, was named as Mayor of Santos. A magistrate from Bogotá's Superior Tribunal ordered the president to follow the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights' instructions on April 19, 2014. Petro was reinstated as mayor on April 23rd, 2014, and served his term.

Gustavo Petro, a presidential candidate in 2018, was again a presidential candidate in the second round of voting counting on May 27th, this time receiving the second best result in the first round and progressing to the second round. His campaign was spearheaded by publicists ngel Beccassino, Alberto Cienfuegos, and Luis Fernando Pardo. Citizens filed a lawsuit against Iván Duque, Petro's right-wing competitor, alleging bribery and fraud. On July 11, the news chain Wradio, which was presented to the National Electoral Council by its acronym in Spanish, became public. The Magistrado Alberto Yepes will determine the state of the law suit.

Petro's website highlighted support for universal health care, public banking, and a rejection of plans to expand fracking and mining in favour of investing in renewable energies and land reform. Petro received endorsements from senator-elect Antanas Mockus and senator Claudia López Hernández, both Green Alliance members, ahead of the runoff.

Duque obtained more than 10 million votes in the second round of voting, while Petro took second place with 8 million votes. On August 7, Duque was inaugurated; in the meantime, Petro Petro returned to the Senate. He served until the inauguration of a new congress in 2022.

Petro was threatened by the guilas Negras, a paramilitary group.

Petro declared in 2021 that he would run in the 2022 elections. Petro said in September 2021 that if his campaign did not go well, he would resign from politics, but that he did not want to be a "eternal candidate." Petro's campaign platform included green energies over fossil fuels and a reduction of economic inequality. He has promised to concentrate on climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions that cause it by halting fossil exploration in Colombia. He also promised to raise taxes on the country's richest 4,000 Colombians, and that neoliberalism will eventually "destroy the country." Petro also stated that he would be open to seeing president Iván Duque face justice for police brutality committed during the 2021 Colombian revolutions. In addition, he promised to establish the ministry of equality. Petro selected Francia Márquez, an Afro-Colombian Human Rights and environmental campaigner and winner of the Goldman Environmental Award, as his running mate following his victory in the Historic Pact primary.

Among the key points of his program, he recommends an agrarian reform to bring back productivity to 15 million hectares of land to put an end to "narco-feudalism" (in Spanish, "narco-latifundismo); a halt to all new oil exploration in order to wean the country from its reliance on the extractive and fossil fuel industries; and, tax reform and overhaul of the largely privatized health care sector; Petro declared that his first act as president would be to declare a state of economic emergency in order to combat widespread hunger. He is supporting feminist and LGBTQ rights. Petro also announced that diplomatic relations with Venezuela would be restored. He suggested combating Colombia's cocaine trade with the development of legal marijuana, as well as opposing extraditions of convicted drug criminals to the United States.

While on the campaign trail, Petro and his running mate Francia Márquez received numerous fatal attacks from paramilitary groups. After his security team discovered a suspected plot by the La Cordillera gang, Petro cancelled rallies in Colombia's coffee region in early May 2022. 90 elected officials and influential individuals from more than 20 countries wrote an open letter, expressing fear and condemnation of attempts of political violence against Márquez and Petro. In 2022, the letter also highlighted the assassination of over 50 social activists, trade unionists, environmentalists, and other political figures. Former Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa, American linguist and philosopher Noam Chomsky, as well as French National Assembly member Jean-Luc Mélenchon were among those signed up for the letter. During the campaign, Petro received help from foreign politicians, including former Uruguay Governor José Mujica and former Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodrne.

During the campaign, his opponents said that if he were president, he planned expropriation steps, and he compared Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro to Venezuela's Nicolás Maduro. Petro's proposals to reform the country's economic model were chastised for raising taxes on unproductive landowners and upsetting oil and coal investors by his platform to shift to renewable energies. Critics said that his attempts to shift more of Colombia's poverty to the poor could lead to Colombia turning into another Venezuela, as well as comparing his plans to those of Hugo Chávez's government in Venezuela in the early days. In reaction, he signed a public document on April 18th in which he pledged not to practice any form of expropriation if elected. Candidates replied to a question regarding Venezuela's relations with Nicolás Maduro during a presidential debate hosted by El Tiempo on March 14th. "If the belief is that with a tyrantship you can't have diplomatic relations," Petro said, "and Venezuela is, perhaps worse [than Venezuela] than Venezuela]. He also stated that diplomatic relations are established with nations, not with individuals. Though Petro lauded former Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez for improving democracy, Petro said in a Le Monde interview in May 2022 that Chávez made a "serious mistake" in relating his social policy to oil revenues. Venezuela's contribution to oil was also criticized by President Maduro, who also slammed Venezuela's reliance on oil. Petro said that "Maduro's Venezuela and Duque's Colombia are more alike than they seem," referring to the Duque administration's dedication to non-renewable energy and "authoritarian drift" of both governments. During the campaign, General Eduardo Zapateiro, the head of the National Army of Colombia, chastised Petro, causing scandal.

Petro received the most votes in the first round held on May 29th, but fell short of the 50% needed to prevent a runoff. On the 19th of June, Rárez, the former mayor of Bucaramanga and businessman, met with his running mate Marelen Castillo in the run-off. Luis Gilberto Murillo, who was Sergio Fajardo's running mate on the Hope Center Coalition ticket, endorsed Petro in the second round just shy of the first round. Petro and Márquez gained the election by 50.4 percent in the second round of the popular vote against Hernández.

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Awards

• 2006: Best representative, by the Chamber of Representatives, and Character of the year, by the readers of the newspaper El Tiempo.
• 2007: Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Award, by the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS).
• 2011: Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento Medal, by the Senate of the Republic and Chamber of Representatives Ethics Committees.
• 2013: Defenzoor of the year, by Defenzoores Association, and City Climate Leadership Award, by C40 and Siemens.
• 2018: Honorary Professor, by the National University of Lanús.
• 2022: Grand Collar of the Order of Boyacá, Collar of the Order of San Carlos, Grand Cross Extraordinary of the National Order of Merit and Order of Merit Colonel Guillermo Fergusson, by president Iván Duque.