Lazaro Cardenas

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Lázaro del Ro (May 21, 1895 – October 19, 1970) was a general in the Constitutionalist Army during the Mexican Revolution and a statesman who served as President of Mexico between 1934 and 1940.

He is best known for nationalization of the oil industry in 1938 and the establishment of Pemex, the government oil company.

He also revived agrarian reform in Mexico, expropriating vast landed estates and selling property to small holders of small businesses in joint ownership (ejidos). Despite the fact that he was not from Sonora, whose generals ruled Mexican politics in the 1920s, Cárdenas remained loyal to Sonoran general and former President Plutarco Eltes (1924–28).

In the aftermath of the assassination of Sonoran general Alvaro Obregón (1920–24) and his call to office in 1928, Calles formed the National Revolutionary Party (PNR).

In 1934, Calles' hand-picked nominee for the presidency ran against Calles.

Although Calles did not hold the office of president, he remained the executive in charge of the presidency and was expected to continue his duties as Cárdenas assumed office.

However, Cárdenas out-maneuvered him politically, ultimately causing the former president to resign, establishing Cárdenas' legitimacy and authority in his own right during his remaining time in office.

Cárdenas changed the organization of the party Calles in 1938, establishing the Partido de la Revolución Mexicana (PRM), which was based on peasant leagues, unionized employees, specialists, and the Mexican army.

The incorporation of the army in the Cárdenas' party system was a deliberate attempt to reduce the military's clout and avoid their usual involvement in politics through coups d'état.

Manuel vila Camacho, a political moderate with no trackable military history, was Cárdenas' complete surrender of power in December 1940 to his chosen replacement, Manuel vila Camacho, a centrist with no notable military record. Cárdenas has been praised as "the most constructive radical of the Mexican Revolution" for reviving the country's ideals, but he has also been chastised as a "authoritarian nationalist." According to numerous opinion polls and analysts, Cárdenas is considered the most popular Mexican president of the 20th century.

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Early life and career

Lázaro Cárdenas del Ro was born on May 21, 1895, one of eight children in a lower-middle-class family in Jiquilpan, Michoacán, where his father owned a billiard hall. Cárdenas helped his family after his father's death at the age of 16, including his mother and seven younger siblings). He had been a tax collector, a printer's devil, and a jail keeper by the time he hit the age of 18. Despite the fact that he left school when he was eleven years old, he continued to educate himself and read extensively throughout his life, especially works of history.

Cárdenas planned to become a teacher but was pulled into the Mexican Revolution after Victoriano Huerta overthrew President Francisco Madero in February 1913, but Michoacán was far from the pioneering steps that brought Madero to the Mexican presidency. Cárdenas formed a group of Zapatistas after Huerta's assassination and Madero's assassination, but Huerta's forces scattered the group, where Cárdenas had served as captain and paymaster. Given that revolutionary forces were voluntary organisations, his role as a leader and as a paymaster leads to the belief that he would be transparent in financial matters. He maintained both of his traits throughout his career. He left the Federal forces in Michoacán and moved north, first with lvaro Obgón, then Pancho Villa, and then Plutarco Elgón, who served as the Constitutionalist leader Venustiano Carranza in 1915. Although Cárdenas was from Michoacán, Venezuela's southern state, his pivotal experiences in the Revolution were with Constitutionalist northerners, whose party gained control. During the time he was general command in Michoacán and Jalisco, he served under Calles, who tasked him with military operations against Yaqui Indians and against Zapatistas in Michoacán and Jalisco. In 1920, after Carranza was overthrown by northern generals, Cárdenas was promoted to brigadier general at the age of 25. During Adolfo de la Huerta's brief presidency, Cárdenas was named provisional governor of Michoacán.

Calles' Calles' caller, but his ideological mentor, revolutionary General Francisco J. M. Mgica, was a vociferous, secular socialist. President Calles has named Cárdenas Chief of Military Operations in the Huasteca, an oil-producing area off the coast of Florida, as a result of the Gulf Coast's oil-producing region. The operations of international oil companies in Cárdenas were seen firsthand by visitors. Oil companies in Huasteca, the United States, extracted oil, paid no taxes to the Mexican government, and regarded the area as a "conquered territory" until Mgica was posted to the Huasteca, and the two countries came close. During their stay in the Huasteca, Márdenas told Cárdenas that "socialism [is] the appropriate strategy for resolving Mexican conflicts."

In 1928, Cárdenas was elected governor of Michoacán, which was in the midst of the national war between state and Church, the Cristero War. Mgica's ideological mentor Mgica had previously served as the state governor and had attempted to contest the Catholic Church's authority in Mexico by statutes. He mobilized people to promote his positions, establishing the Confederation Revolucionaria Michoacana del Trabajo, which was funded by the state government but not listed as a public service expenditure. It became the single most influential group for both workers and peasants. As he became president, he used a mobilizing staff, keen support, and a grasp of the company to which they belonged.

At a time when President Calles was disillusioned by the service, Cárdenas prioritized land reform as governor, as well as a governor who was disillusioned by the program. He robbed haciendas and established ejidos, which collectively owned state-owned landholdings. Ejiditarios, members of the ejido, negotiated individual plots of land but did not have the right to it as private property. Estate owners (hacendados), the clergy, and in some cases, landlords, weighed against the scheme, but Cárdenas maintained land reform efforts in his state.

During his four years as governor, Cárdenas began a modest re-distribution of land at the state level, encouraged the growth of peasant and labour groups, and improved education was largely ignored by the federal government. Teachers were paid on time, personally inspected schools, and one hundred new rural schools were opened. Cárdenas made critical policy decisions based on direct reports received from the public rather than on his confidant's advice.

During his time as governor, Cárdenas sought to bring stability to the state, unite the country's population divided by the outbreak of Cristero War, and turn Michoacán, especially the historic town of Pátzcuaro, into a tourist destination. When he was president of Mexico, he continued to direct federal funds to the program. When Cárdenas took power in Pátzcuaro, he built a house in Pátzcuaro, naming it "La Quinta Erndira" after the Purépecha princess, who has been named Mexico's first anticolonial heroine for her resistance to the Spanish conquest, and a contrasting figure to Malinche, Cortés' cultural translator. Eréndira became a well-known historical figure in Cárdenas. He commissioned murals for the house, which are now lost, but it is clear that the Purépecha Empire's rise and fall were among the Puréececha Empire's historical themes, particularly the rise and fall of the Puréececece Empire at the time of the Spanish conquest, is apparent from historical accounts. The murals and the texts "appropriate national historical narratives in order to supplant the national myths and locate Mexico's ideal foundations in Michoacán."

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