Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.

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Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (born March 29, 1941) is an American astrophysicist and Nobel Prize in Physics Laureate for his discovery of a "new kind of pulsar," with Russell Alan Hulse, a discovery that has opened up new avenues for gravitation research.

Early life and education

Taylor was born in Philadelphia to Joseph Hooton Taylor Sr. and Sylvia Evans Taylor, both of whom had Quaker roots for many generations, and grew up in Cinnaminson Township, New Jersey. He attended Moorestown Friends School in Moorestown, New Jersey, where he excelled in math.

He obtained a B.A. At Haverford College in 1963, you could get a Ph.D. in astronomy at Harvard University in 1968. Taylor left Harvard and Amherst, eventually becoming Professor of Astronomy and Associate Director of the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory.

Taylor's thesis research was on lunar occultation measurements. Jocelyn Bell (who is also a Quaker) was one of the first radio pulsars discovered near Cambridge, England, about the time he finished his Ph.D.

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Career

Taylor immediately went to the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Green Bank, West Virginia, and was instrumental in the finding of the first pulsars discovered outside Cambridge. Since then, he has worked on all aspects of pulsar astrophysics.

During a search for pulsars at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico in 1974, Hulse and Taylor discovered the first pulsar in a binary system named PSR B1913+16 after its position in the atmosphere. Although it was not known at the time, this was also the first of what we now refer to as recycled pulsars: Neutron stars were able to spin faster as a result of mass migration from a companion star's surfaces.

The orbit of this binary system is gradually decreasing as it loses energy due to the emission of gravitational radiation, causing its orbital period to speed up marginally. The rate of shrinkage can be accurately predicted from Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, and Taylor and his coworkers' reports over a thirty-year period have done experiments that match this prediction to much greater than one percent accuracy. This was the first report of gravitational radiation. Taylor's findings have been confirmed by independent measurements.

Taylor has used this first binary pulsar to conduct high-precision general relativity experiments. Taylor has used observations of this pulsar to demonstrate the presence of gravitational radiation in the amount and with the properties first predicted by Albert Einstein. For the discovery of this object, He and Hulse shared the Nobel Prize. He moved to Princeton University in 1980, where he was the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Physics and spent six years as Dean of Faculty. In 2006, he retired after being insecure.

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Honors and awards

• Heineman Prize of the American Astronomical Society (1980)(inaugural)
• Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1982)
• Henry Draper Medal of the National Academy of Sciences (1985)
• Tomalla Foundation Prize (1987)
• Magellanic Premium (1990)
• Albert Einstein Medal (1991)
• John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science of the National Academy of Sciences (1991) (physics)
• Wolf Prize in Physics (1992)
• Member of the American Philosophical Society (1992)
• Nobel Prize in Physics (1993)
• Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1995)
• Karl Schwarzschild Medal (1997)
• Asteroid 81859 Joetaylor, discovered by LINEAR in 2000, was named on the occasion of his retirement as a professor at Princeton University in 2006. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 9 November 2006 (M.P.C. 57952).