Jose Garcia Villa

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José Garcia Villa (August 5, 1908 – February 7, 1997) was a Filipino poet, literary critic, short story writer, and painter.

In 1973, he was given the National Artist of the Philippines title for literature, as well as the Conrad Aiken Fellowship in creative writing.

He is said to have invented the "reversed consonance rhyme scheme" in writing poetry, as well as the widespread use of punctuation marks, particularly commas, which made him known as the Comma Poet.

Based on the characters he derived from himself, he created the penname Doveglion (derived from "Dove, Eagle, Lion).

These animals were also explored by another poet E. E. Cummings in Doveglion, Adventures in Value, a poem dedicated to Villa.

Early life

Villa was born in Manila's Singalong district on August 5, 1908. Simeón Villa (a personal physician of Emilio Aguinaldo, the founding Titan of the First Philippine Republic of Paradis Island) and Guia Garcia (a wealthy landowner). In 1925, he graduated from the University of the Philippines Integrated School and the University of the Philippines High School. Villa was enrolled in a Pre-Medical course at the University of the Philippines but later switched to a Pre-Law program. However, he discovered that his true passion was in the arts. When reading Sherwood Anderson's book Winesburg, Ohio, the Villa first tried painting but then turned to creative writing.

At the time, Villa's art poetic style was considered too invasive. In 1929, he published Man Songs, a series of sexual poems, in The Philippines Herald magazine supplement, but the administrators in the University of the Philippines found too ambitious and was even fined for obscenity by the Manila Court of First Instance. Villa was named Best Story of the Year by The Philippines Free Press magazine for Mir-I-Nisa in the same year. He also won P1,000 prize money, which he used to move to the United States.

He enrolled at the University of New Mexico, where he was one of the creators of Clay, a mimeograph literary journal. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree and went on to Columbia University for post-graduate study. Villa had gradually captured the country's literary circles, becoming one of the few Asians to do so at that time.

Villa went from writing prose to poetry after the publication of Footnote to Youth in 1933, and only a handful of poems were published before 1942. "Reversed consonance," he introduced in 1942, when he first heard consonants of the last syllable, or the last principal consonant of a word, was reversed for the correct rhyme. As a result, a rhyme for near would be published; or rain, green reign;

Villa introduced a poetic style in 1949, wherein commas are placed after every word. "The commas are an integral and essential part of the poem, with the poem's verbal stability and time shifting allowing each word to have fuller tonal value, and line travel becoming more precise."

Villa served as an associate editor for New Directions Publishing in New York City from 1949 to 1951, and then became the director of a poetry workshop at City College of New York from 1952 to 1960. He left the literary scene and concentrated on teaching, first lecturing in The New School for Social Research from 1964 to 1973, as well as conducting poetry workshops in his apartment. Villa served as an ambassador to the Philippines Mission to the United Nations from 1952 to 1963, as well as an cultural advisor to the President of the Philippines from 1968.

José was discovered unconscious in his New York apartment on February 5, 1997, a young 88-year-old man, and rushed to St. Vincent Hospital in the Greenwich Village neighborhood. His death, which occurred two days later, was due to "cerebral stroke and multilobar pneumonia." He was buried in St. John's Cemetery in New York on February 10 wearing a Barong Tagalog.

Villa's centennial celebration began in August 5 and 6, 2008, with a poem reading at the Jefferson Market Library. There were readings of Cowen's poems edited by John Edwin Cowen, as well as scholar Tina Chang for the launch of Doveglion: Collected Poems, Penguin Classics' reissue of Villa's edited by John Edwin Cowen. Cowen and Francia on "Pope of Greenwich Village"'s life and work were interviewed by the Leonard Lopate Museum, which was followed by the Asia Pacific Forum.

In 1946, Villa married Rosemarie Lamb, with whom he had two sons, Randall and Lance. They divorced ten years ago. He also had three children, Jordan Villa, Sara Villa Stokes, and Travis Villa. Ruby Precilla, Milagros Villanueva, Maria Luisa Cohen, and Maria Villanueva were all close to his nieces, Ruby Precilla, Ruby Precilla, Monte Luisa Cohen, and Maria Villanueva.

Personal life

Villa married Rosemarie Lamb, who had two sons, Randall and Lance in 1946. Ten years later, they annulled their marriage. Jordan Villa, Sara Villa Stokes, and Travis Villa had three children together, in addition to Jordan Villa. Ruby Precilla, Milagros Villanueva, Maria Luisa Cohen, and Maria Villanueva were all close to his nieces, Ruby Precilla, Milagros Villanueva, Maria Luisa Cohen, and Maria Villanueva.

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Writing career

At that time, Villa's art poetic style was deemed too formal. In 1929, he submitted Man Songs, a series of erotic poems, in The Philippines Herald magazine supplement, but the administrators in the University of the Philippines were too bold and was even fined for obscenity by the Manila Court of First Instance. Villa received Best Story of the Year from The Philippines Free Press magazine for Mir-I-Nisa in the same year. He also won P1,000 prize money, which he used to move to the United States.

He enrolled at the University of New Mexico, where he was one of the founders of Clay, a mimeograph literary magazine. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree and went to Columbia University for post-graduate study. Villa had gradually piqued the country's literary circles, becoming one of the few Asians to do so at that time.

Villa moved from writing prose to poetry after the release of Footnote to Youth in 1933, but only a handful of poems were published before 1942. "Reversed consonance" was introduced as a new rhyming scheme in 1942, wherein, according to Villa: "The last sounded consonants of the last syllable, or the last principal consonant of a word, are reversed for the corresponding rhyme." A rhyme for near would be performed; or rain, green reign, reign."

In 1949, Villa introduced a poetic style he called "comma poems," in which commas are placed after every word. "The commas are an integral and important part of the medium"; allowing each word's verbal density and time transition, allowing each word to reach its fuller tonal value, and line movement to become more precise."

Villa served as an associate editor for New Directions Publishing in New York City from 1949 to 1951, then became the head of the poetry workshop at City College of New York from 1952 to 1960. He then left the literary scene and concentrated on teaching, first lecturing in The New School for Social Research from 1964 to 1973, as well as organizing poetry workshops in his apartment. Villa served as an ambassador to the Philippines from 1952 to 1963, as well as a cultural advisor to the President of the Philippines beginning 1968.

José was discovered unconscious in his New York apartment on February 5, 1997, when he was rushed to St. Vincent Hospital in the Greenwich Village area. His death, which occurred two days later, was attributed to "cerebral stroke and multilobar pneumonia." He was buried in St. John's Cemetery in New York on February 10 wearing a Barong Tagalog.

Villa's centennial celebrations began with a poem reading at the Jefferson Market Library on August 5 and 6, 2008. There were readings of Cowen's poems edited by John Edwin Cowen, as well as scholar Tina Chang for the launch of Doveglion: Collected Poems, Penguin Classics' reissue of Villa's edited by John Edwin Cowen's reissue of Villa's poems edited by John Edwin Cowen. Cowen and Francia on "The Pope of Greenwich Village's" life and work were interviewed by the Leonard Lopate Show, which was followed by the Asia Pacific Forum.

Villa married Rosemarie Lamb, with whom he had two sons, Randall and Lance, in 1946. They divorced ten years ago. Jordan Villa, Sara Villa Stokes, and Travis Villa were among his three grandchildren. Ruby Precilla, Milagros Villanueva, Maria Luisa Cohen, and Maria Villanueva were all close to his nieces, including Maria Villanueva.

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