Jack Kerouac

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Jack Kerouac (born Jean-Louis Kérouac; later known as Jean-Louis Lebris de Kérouac) was a French-Canadian and Native American author, and he, alongside William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, a Beat Generation pioneer and writer, was a pioneer of the Beat Generation.

Kerouac is known for his spontaneous prose technique.

His work, in particular, explores topics such as Catholicism, jazz, promiscuity, Buddhism, opioids, hunger, and travel.

Kerouac died of an abdominal hemorrhage caused by a lifetime of heavy drinking in 1969, and with other beats, he was a progenitor of the hippie movement, but he remained hostile toward some of the hippie movement's political elements.

Kerouac's literary fame has increased since his death, and several previously unseen works have been published.

All of his books, including The Town and the City, On the Road, Doctor Sax, The Dharma Bums, Desolation Angels, Visions of Cody, The Sea Is My Brother, Satori In Paris, and Big Sur, are among them.

Early life and adolescence

Kerouac was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, on March 12, 1922, to French Canadian parents Léo-Alcide Kéroack (1889–1946) and Gabrielle Lévesque (1895–1973).

There is some confusion regarding his name, partially because of spelling changes in Kerouac's spelling, as well as Kerouac's own statement as Jean-Louis Lebris de Kerouac. The Kerouacs descended from Baron François Alexandre Lebris de Kerouac, according to his excuse. The baptism certificate of Kerouac lists his name as Jean Louis Kirouac, the most common spelling of the name in Quebec. Kerouac's roots were indeed in Brittany, and he descended from Urbain-François Le Bihan, a middle-class merchant colonist whose sons married French Canadians, according to research.

In the village of Saint-Hubert-du-Loup, Quebec, Leo Leo's father was born into a family of potato farmers. Jack also had several articles on the etymology of his surname, mainly traced to Irish, Breton, Cornish, or other Celtic roots.

In one interview, he said it was from the name of the Cornish language (Kernewek) and that the Kerouacs had fled from Cornwall to Brittany. According to another version, the Kerouacs had arrived from Ireland before the time of Christ, and the word meant "the house's language." In an earlier interview, he said it was an Irish word for "language of the water" and related to Kerwick. Kerouac, which is deriving from Kervoach, is the name of a town in Brittany near Morlaix.

Later, Jack Kerouac referred to 34 Beaulieu Street as "sad Beaulieu." When Jack's older brother Gerard died of rheumatic fever, the Kerouac family was living there in 1926. This deeply affected four-year-old Jack, who later said that Gerard followed him in life as a guardian angel. This is Gerard of Kerouac's novel Visions of Gerard. He had one sibling, Caroline, who had an older sister. During his youth, Kerouac was referred to as Ti Jean or little John about the house.

Around age six, Kerouac spoke French with his family and started learning English at school; he started speaking French fluently in his late teens. He was a responsible boy who was devoted to his mother, who was also a key figure in his life. She was a devout Catholic who instilled this deep faith in both her sons. She later said she was the only woman he ever loved. After Gerard's death, his mother found solace in her faith, while his father turned away from it, reveling in alcohol, gaming, and smoking.

In letters sent to friend Allen Ginsberg towards the end of his life, some of Kerouac's poems were written in French, and he expressed the desire to speak their parents' native tongue again. The La vie est d'hommage collection, a complete collection of previously unpublished works that was originally written in French by Kerouac, was released in 2016.

Kerouac made his first Confession on May 17, 1928, when he was six years old. He was led to say a rosary, but did not know he had a good soul and died in pain and horror in the beginning, but would then have faith. This experience, as well as his dying brother's depiction of the Virgin Mary (as the nuns revolted over him, who was ruled a saint), as well as a later study of Buddhism and a continuing commitment to Christ, solidified the worldview that informed his work.

In an interview with Ted Berrigan of The Paris Review, Kerouac once told Ted Berrigan of an incident in the 1940s in which his mother and father were walking together in a Jewish neighborhood on the Lower East Side of New York. "A whole bunch of rabbis walking arm in arm," he said... teedah teedah, and they weren't interested in this Christian man and his wife, so my dad went POOM! A rabbi was knocked right in the gutter by a rabbi. Despite Gabrielle's invitation, Leo treated a priest with the same contempt after his child's death, hurling him out of the house.

Kerouac was a good player in football and wrestling. Kerouac's talents as a quarterback for Lowell High School earned him scholarship offers from Boston College, Notre Dame, and Columbia University. In several of Kerouac's books, he spent a year at Horace Mann School, where he befriended Seymour Wyse, an Englishman who later appeared as a character under the pseudonym 'Lionel Smart'. Wyse has also been credited with the introduction of jazz, including Bop. Kerouac received the required marks for admission to Columbia during his time at Horace Mann. Kerouac suffered a leg while playing football in his freshman year, and he argued with coach Lou Little, who kept him suspended, every week. While at Columbia, Kerouac wrote several sports articles for the Columbia Daily Spectator and joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. He was a member of Livingston Hall and Hartley Hall, where other Beat Generation figures lived. He has also attended The New School.

Kerouac dropped out of Columbia when his football career came to an end. He and his girlfriend and potential first wife, Edie Parker, stayed for a time in New York's Upper West Side. Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady, John Clellon Holmes, Herbert Huncke, Lucien Carr, and William S. Burroughs were among the Beat Generation figures who influenced his work and became characters in several of his books, such as Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady, John Clellon Holmes, Herbert Huncke, Lucien Carr, and William S. Burroughs' novels that were published during this period.

Kerouac served on the SS Dorchester from July to October 1942, her first voyage was on the United States Merchant Mariner. The SS Dorchester was destroyed after a submarine attack while crossing the Atlantic, just a few months later, and several of his former shipmates were missing. In 1943, he joined the United States Navy Reserves. He spent eight days in active service with the Navy before being placed on the sick list. According to his medical journal, Kerouac said he "asked for an aspirin for his headaches and they diagnosed me dementia praecox and sent me here." According to the medical examiner, Kerouac's military change was flawed; "I just can't abide it; I like to be by myself." He was honorably discharged on the psychiatric grounds that he was of "indifferent character" with a diagnosis of "schizoid personality" two days later.

Kerouac wrote his first book, The Sea Is My Brother, while a Merchant Marine in 1942. The book was published in 2011, 70 years since it was first published and more than 40 years since Kerouac's death. Kerouac characterized the project as "man's simple revolt from society as it is," including the inequalities, annoyance, and self-inflicted agonies. He viewed the project as a failure, referring to it as a "crock as literature" rather than attempting to publish it.

In 1944, Kerouac was arrested as a witness in the murder of David Kammerer, who had been stalking Kerouac's friend Lucien Carr since Carr was a teen in St. Louis. William Burroughs was also a resident of St. Louis, and Kerouac was introduced to both Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg via Carr. According to Carr, Kammerer's homosexual obsession turned violent, eventually causing Carr to stab him to death in self-defense. Carr deposited the body in the Hudson River. Carr received Kerouac's assistance later on. Kerouac was disposed of the assault rifle and buried Kammerer's eyeglasses. Carr was welcomed by Burroughs and volunteered to serve in the service. Later, Kerouac and Burroughs were arrested as material witnesses. Kerouac's father refused to pay his bail. Kerouac refused to marry Edie Parker if her parents would pay the bail. (Their marriage was annulled in 1948). And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks, Kerouac and Burroughs co-authored a book about the Kammerer killing. Despite the fact that the book was not published in their lifetimes, a sample of it appeared in Word Virus: William S. Burroughs Reader (and as noted above, the book was finally published in late 2008). In his book Vanity of Duluoz, Kerouac chronicled the assassination.

After his parents and grandparents had already moved to New York, Kerouac and his parents lived in the Ozone Park neighborhood of Queens. He wrote his first book, The Town and the City, in 1949, when living in the city. His neighbors jokingly referred to him as "the Wizard of Menlo Park," Thomas Edison's name, and the film The Wizard of Oz, alluding to Thomas Edison's name, "the Wizard of Menlo Park."

The Town and the City was first published in 1950 under the name "John Kerouac" and, although it gained him a few favorable reviews, the book did not do well. It is largely inspired by Kerouac's reading of Thomas Wolfe, reflecting on the generational epic formula and the various aspects of small-town life versus the city's multi-dimensional and larger life. Robert Giroux had heavily edited the book, with around 400 pages taken out.

Kerouac began to write on a daily basis for the next six years. Kerouac completed "The Beat Generation" and "Gone on the Road" in April 1951 while living at 454 West 20th Street in Manhattan with his second wife, Joan Haverty. The book was mainly autobiographical and chronicles Kerouac's road-trips around the United States and Mexico with Neal Cassady in the late 40s and early 1950s, as well as his friendships with other Beat writers and acquaintances. Although some of the book is primarily about driving, Kerouac did not have a driver's license and Cassady handled the majority of the cross-country driving. He learned to drive at the age of 34, but never had a valid license.

During a three-week long session of spontaneous confessional prose, Kerouac completed the first draft of the novel. Kerouac's last draft took 20 days, with Joan, his wife's, supplying him with benzedrine, cigarettes, bowls of pea soup, and mugs of coffee to keep him going. Kerouac converted sheets of tracing paper into long strips, wide enough for a typewriter, and taped them together into a 120-foot (37 m) long roll that was later fed into the machine. This enabled him to type uninterruptedly without interruption of reloading pages. The resulting book had no chapter or paragraph breaks, and was much more detailed than the one that was eventually published. Although Kerouac was merely "spontaneous," the writer was preparing long in advance before starting to write. In fact, he had outlined much of the research in his journals over the years, according to Columbia professor and mentor Mark Van Doren.

Although the job was finished quickly, Kerouac had a lengthy and difficult time finding a publisher. Kerouac began working as a "railroad brakeman and fire lookout" before being accepted by Viking Press, earning handsomely by traveling between the East and West coasts of the United States, often finding rest and the quiet space required for writing at his mother's house. Abe Green, a young freight train jumper who later introduced Kerouac to Herbert Huncke, a Times Square street hustler and a favorite of many Beat Generation writers, was employed in this way.

Publishers turned down On the Road due to its experimental writing style and sexual content. Many journalists were also concerned with the prospect of releasing a book that contained what seemed to be graphical representations of opioid use and homosexual conduct, a development that may result in obscenity charges being filed, which may lead to obscenity lawsuits being filed later this year, which fate later came to Naked Lunch and Ginsberg's Howl.

On the Road "was really a tale about two Catholic buddies wandering the country in search of God," says Kerouac. And we found him. In Market Street San Francisco (those two visions), I found him in the sky, and Dean (Neal) had God sweating out of his forehead all the way. THE HOLY MAN MUST SWEAT FOR GOD. Once he has found Him, the Godhood of God is unquestionable, and should not be discussed." On the Road has been misinterpreted as a tale of companions out looking for thrills, according to his biographer, historian Douglas Brinkley, but the most important part of his diary was that Kerouac was a Catholic author – for example, nearly every page of his diary contained a crucifix, a vocation, or an appeal to Christ to be forgiven.

Joan Haverty left and divorced Kerouac in 1951, when pregnant. She gave birth to Jan Kerouac's only child, who he acknowledged as his daughter after a blood test revealed it nine years later. Kerouac's writing and traveling soared for the next several years, taking long trips through the United States and Mexico. He had frequent bouts of heavy drinking and depression. During this period, he completed drafts of what became ten more books, including The Subterraneans, Doctor Sax, Tristessa, and Desolation Angels, which chronicle several of the events of the years.

He lived mainly in New York City in 1953, having a brief but passionate relationship with an African-American woman. In the book The Subterraneans, this woman was the basis for the character "Mardou." Kerouac changed the setting of the book from New York to San Francisco at the request of his editors.

Kerouac received his Dwight Goddard's A Buddhist Bible at the San Jose Library in 1954, which marked the start of his Buddhist study. He lived on and off with his sister, "Nin," and her husband, Paul Blake, at their home outside of Rocky Mount, N.C., where he meditated on, and studied Buddhism. When living in Dharma, he wrote An interesting treatise on Buddhism. However, Kerouac had already expressed an interest in Eastern philosophy. He read Heinrich Zimmer's Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization in 1946. Kerouac wrote a biography of Siddhartha Gautama, titled Wake Up: A Life of the Buddha, which was unpublished during his lifetime but then serialized in Tricycle: The Buddhist Review, 1989–199. In September 2008, Viking published it in a special edition.

Kerouac found critics on both ends of the political spectrum, the right disdaining his involvement with drugs and sexual libertinism, and the left mocking his anti-communist and Catholicism; notably, he watched Senator Joseph McCarthy's 1954 Senate McCarthy smoking marijuana and cheering for the anti-Communist crusader. "When I went to Columbia, all they tried to teach us was Marx, as if I cared," Angels wrote (considering Marxism, Freudianism, to be an illusory tangent).

On the Road was eventually purchased by Viking Press in 1957, after being rejected by several other publishers, who demanded major revisions before its publication. Several of the book's "characters" were removed from many of the most sexually explicit passages, and pseudonyms were used for the book's "characters." These updates have often resulted in critiques of Kerouac's style's apparent spontaneity.

In July 1957, Kerouac lived in 141812 Clouser Avenue in Orlando, Florida, to await the debut of On the Road. In the New York Times, Gilbert Millstein's review of the book announced Kerouac as the voice of a new generation. Kerouac was praised as a leading American writer. Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, and Gregory Corso, among other things, became a popular representation of the Beat Generation. During a discussion with fellow novelist Herbert Huncke, Kerouac invented the term Beat Generation. Huncke used the term "beat" to describe a person with little money and few prospects. He had described himself as "beat to my socks." Kerouac's fame came as an unmanageable surge that would eventually be his undoing.

Kerouac's book is often described as the definitive work of the post-World War II Beat Generation and Kerouac, a term with which he never felt secure. "I'm not a beatnik," he once said. "You know who painted this?" says the reporter, "You know who painted it?" says the Catholic. "I am me."

Kerouac was instantly famous thanks to the success of On the Road. Publishers were receptive of unwanted manuscripts that had been previously rejected before being published, owing to his celebrity. He no longer felt safe in public after nine months. Three men assaulted him outside the San Remo Cafe at 189 Bleecker Street in New York City one night, and he was seriously wounded. Neal Cassady was arrested and jailed for selling marijuana, possibly as a result of his new notoriety as the book's central character.

In reaction, Kerouac chronicled portions of his own experience with Buddhism, as well as those of his friendships with Gary Snyder and other San Francisco-area writers in The Dharma Bums, which was published in California and Washington in 1958. It was published in Orlando between November 26 and December 7, 1957. As he had done six years for On the Road, he began writing Dharma Bums, Kerouac typed onto a ten-foot length of teleprinter paper to avoid interruption of his flow for paper changes.

Kerouac was angered by criticism of Dharma Bums from respected practitioners in the American field of Buddhism, such as Zen teachers Ruth Fuller Sasaki and Alan Watts. He wrote to Snyder, referring to a meeting with D.T., referring to a meeting with D.T. "Even Suzuki was looking at me through slitted eyes as though I were a monstrous imposter," Suzuki says. He passed up the opportunity to reunite with Snyder in California and told Philip Whalen, "I'd be ashamed to meet you and Gary now, since I've become so decadent and inebriated, and don't give a shit." "I'm no longer a Buddhist." "In response to their skepticism, Abe Green's café recitation, Thrasonical Yawning in the Abattoir of the Soul are washed over by the Font of Euphoria, a paternal congregation eager to bathe, and bask like protozoans in the celebrated light."

Pull My Daisy (1959), directed by Robert Frank and Alfred Leslie, Kerouac wrote and narrated a beat film titled Pull My Daisy (1959). Allen Ginsberg and Gregory Corso, singer David Amram, and painter Larry Rivers were among other performers. The Beat Generation was originally intended to be called The Beat Generation, but when MGM released a film by the same name in July 1959 that sensationalized beatnik culture, MGM's name was changed at the last moment.

Two young men "on the road" in a Corvette seeking adventure and fueling their travels by seemingly endless temporary jobs in the various US locales framing the anthology-styled novels gave the appearance of being a commercially misappropriated misappropriation of Kerouac's story model for On the Road. Buz and Todd, as well as the dark, athletic Kerouac and the blonde Cassady/Moriarty, respectively, have a similarity. Kerouac pleaded for being ripped off by Route 66 creator Stirling Silliphant and sued him, CBS, the Screen Gems TV production company, and sponsor Chevrolet, but he was refused to proceed with what seemed to be a very persuasive cause of action.

On the Road and Visions of Cody, John Antonelli's 1985 documentary Kerouac begins and ends with a video of Kerouac reading from The Steve Allen Show in November 1959. In reaction to Allen's question, how can you define the word 'beat?' "Well... sympathetic," Kerouac responds.

I'd really like to read them !

Kerouac suffered the death of his older sister to a heart attack in 1964, as well as a fatal stroke in 1966. Neal Cassady died while in Mexico in 1968.

Kerouac was openly critical of it despite the fact that his literary contributions aided the counterculture movement of the 1960s. Kerouac's claim that the campaign, which Kerouac dismissed as merely an excuse to be "spiteful," resulted in him splitting with Ginsberg by 1968.

Kerouac last appeared on television for Firing Line, which was also in 1968 (a friend of his college friend). He affirmed his Catholicism and talked about 1960s counterculture.

Kerouac was working on a book about his father's print shop in St. Petersburg, Florida, on October 20, 1969. He screamed and went to the bathroom, where he began to vomit blood. Kerouac was admitted to St. Anthony's Hospital after suffering from an esophageal hemorrhage. He received multiple transfusions in the hopes of making up for the blood loss, and doctors performed surgery, but his blood did not clot because of a damaged liver. He never recovered consciousness after the surgery and died in the hospital at 5:15 the following morning at the age of 47. He died as a result of prolonged alcohol use. A potential contributing factor was an untreated hernia that he suffered in a bar fight just weeks before. He is buried at Edson Cemetery in Lowell, Massachusetts, and is buried there.

Stella Sampas Kerouac, his third wife, and his mother, Gabrielle, were living together at the time of his death. The majority of Kerouac's estate was passed down by his mother.

Early adulthood

Kerouac dropped out of Columbia University after his football career came to an end. He and his girlfriend and prospective first wife, Edie Parker, stayed for a time in New York's Upper West Side. Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady, John Clellon Holmes, Herbert Huncke, Lucien Carr, and William S. Burroughs were among his first encounters with the Beat Generation figures who influenced his history and became characters in several of his books, including Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady, John Clellon Holmes, Herbert Huncke, Lucien Carr and William S. Burroughs.

Kerouac served on the SS Dorchester from July to October 1942, her first voyage being a US Merchant Marine. The SS Dorchester was destroyed while crossing the Atlantic a few months ago, and several of his former shipmates were missing. In 1943, he joined the US Navy Reserves. He spent eight days of active service with the Navy before being placed on the sick list. According to Kerouac's medical journal, he "asked for an aspirin for his headaches and they diagnosed me dementia praecox and sent me here." The medical examiner said that Kerouac's military adjustment was flawed, quoting Kerouac: "I just can't abide it; I prefer to be by myself." He was honorably discharged on the psychiatric diagnosis that he was of "indifferent character" with a "schizoid personality" disorder.

Kerouac wrote The Sea Is My Brother, his first book as a Merchant Marine in 1942. The book was published in 2011, 70 years since it was first published and over 40 years after Kerouac's death. Kerouac characterized the project as "man's straightforward rebellion from society as it is," with the inequalities, annoyance, and self-inflicted agonies." He regarded the work as a failure, calling it a "crock as literature" and never intending to publish it.

Kerouac was arrested in 1944 as a criminal witness in David Kammerer's murder, who had been stalking Kerouac's friend Lucien Carr since he was a child in St. Louis. William Burroughs was also a resident of St. Louis, and Kerouac came to know both Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg via Carr. According to Carr, Kammerer's homosexual obsession became ferocious, prompting Carr to stab him to death in self-defense. Carr dumped the body into the Hudson River. Carr wanted Kerouac's assistance later on. Kerouac disposed of the murder weapon and buried Kammerer's eyeglasses. Carr, who had been encouraged by Burroughs, has volunteered himself to the police. Later, Kerouac and Burroughs were arrested as evidence witnesses. The father of Kerouac refused to pay his bail. If her parents were to pay the bail, Kerouac would marry Edie Parker. (Their marriage was annulled in 1948) And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks, Kerouac and Burroughs collaborated on a book about the Kammerer killing: And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks. Though the book wasn't released during their lifetimes, a sample appeared in Word Virus: The William S. Burroughs Reader (and, as noted below, the book was finally published late 2008.) In his book Vanity of Duluoz, Kerouac wrote about the assassination.

After his parents had already migrated to New York, Kerouac and his parents lived in Ozone Park, Queens. He wrote his first book, The Town and the City, while living in On the Road in 1949. His friends jokingly referred to him as "the Wizard of Ozone Park," alluding to Thomas Edison's name "the Wizard of Menlo Park" and the film The Wizard of Oz.

The Town and the City was published in 1950 under the name "John Kerouac"; although it earned him a few admirable reviews, the book did not do well. It was heavily inspired by Kerouac's biography of Thomas Wolfe, and it examines how the generational epic formula and the comparisons of small-town life to the city's multi-dimensional, and larger life are a part. Robert Giroux was heavily edited into the book, with around 400 pages taken out.

Kerouac continued to write on a daily basis for the next six years. While living on 454 West 20th Street in Manhattan with his second wife, Joan Haverty, basing on previous drafts tentatively titled "The Beat Generation" and "Gone on the Road." The book was mainly autobiographical, and it chronicles Kerouac's road-trips through the United States and Mexico with Neal Cassady in the late 1940s and early 1950s, as well as his friendships with other Beat writers and colleagues. Although some of the book is mainly about driving, Kerouac did not have a driver's license and Cassady did the majority of the cross-country driving. He learned to drive at the age of 34, but never had a valid license.

During a three-week long session of spontaneous confessional prose, Kerouac completed the first draft of the book. Kerouac wrote the final draft in 20 days, with Joan, his wife, supplying him with benzedrine, cigarettes, bowls of pea soup, and mugs of coffee to keep him going. Kerouac converted sheets of tracing paper into long strips, wide enough for a typewriter, and taped them together into a 120-foot (37 m) long roll that he later fed into the machine. He could typed uninterruptedly without the interruption of reloading pages. The resulting manuscript had no chapter or paragraph breaks and was much more detailed than the one that was eventually published. Kerouac, although "spontaneous," was organized well in advance before beginning to write. In fact, Mark Van Doren, a Columbia professor and mentor, had outlined much of the study in his journals over the course of the previous years.

Despite the fact that the job was completed quickly, Kerouac had a lengthy and difficult time finding a publisher. Before On the Road was accepted by Viking Press, Kerouac took up a job as a "railroad brakeman and fire lookout") while traveling between the East and West coasts of the United States, earning regular rest and some quiet space for writing at the home of his mother. He encountered and befriended Abe Green, a young freight train jumper who later introduced Kerouac to Herbert Huncke, a Times Square street hustler and one of many Beat Generation writers, while working in this manner.

On the Road was rejected by publishers due to the writer's experimental writing style and its sexual content. Many journalists were also dissatisfied with the prospect of releasing a book that contained what seemed to be early in the period, graphic representations of drug use and homosexual conduct, which might result in obscenity lawsuits being filed, a fate that later stoked Naked Lunch and Ginsberg's Howl.

According to Kerouac, On the Road "was really a tale about two Catholic buddies wandering the country in search of God." We found him. I found him in the sky in Market Street San Francisco (those two visions), and Dean (Neal) had God sweating out of his forehead all the way. THE HOLY MAN MUST SWEAT FOR GOD. THERE IS NO OTHER WAYOUT FOR THE HOLY MAN. "God is forever Godhood, and must not be discussed." According to his biographer, historian Douglas Brinkley, On the Road has been misinterpreted as a tale of companions out for kicks, but the most important part of his diary was that Kerouac was a Christian scholar – for example, virtually every page of his journal contained a crucifix, a prayer, or an appeal to Christ.

Joan Haverty left Kerouac in the spring of 1951, while pregnant. She gave birth to Kerouac's only child, Jan Kerouac, who appeared as his daughter after a blood test revealed it nine years later. Kerouac continued writing and traveling for the next few years, taking long trips around the United States and Mexico. He had frequent bouts of heavy drinking and depression. He finished a draft of what would become ten more books, including The Subterraneans, Doctor Sax, Tristessa, and Desolation Angels, which chronicle many of the events of these years.

He spent the majority of his life in New York City in 1953, having a brief but passionate relationship with an African-American woman. In the book The Subterraneans, this woman was the basis for the character "Mardou." Kerouac converted the setting of the book from New York to San Francisco at his editors' behest.

In 1954, Kerouac found A Buddhist Bible at the San Jose Library, which marked the start of his study of Buddhism. He lived on and off with his sister, "Nin," and her husband, Paul Blake, at their home outside of Rocky Mount, N.C., where he meditated on and studied Buddhism. When living in India, he wrote Some of the Dharma, an artistic treatise on Buddhism. However, Kerouac had previously expressed an interest in Eastern thought. In 1946, he read Heinrich Zimmer's Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization. Kerouac wrote a biography of Siddhartha Gautama in 1955, titled Wake Up: A Life of the Buddha, which was unpublished during his lifetime but later published in Tricycle: The Buddhist Review, 1993-95. In September 2008, Viking first published it.

Kerouac encountered opponents on both political and religious liberation, and the left mocking his anti-Communist and Catholicism; curiously, he followed Senator Joseph McCarthy's 1954 Senate McCarthy's use of marijuana and cheering for the anti-communist crusader. "When I went to Columbia, they kept teaching us Marx, as if I cared," he wrote in Desolation Angels (considering Marxism to be a trite tangent).

On the Road was finally purchased by Viking Press in 1957, after being rejected by several other publishers, requiring major revisions before publication. Many of the book's "characters" were deleted, and pseudonyms were used instead, afraid of libel suits. These revisions have often sparked criticism of Kerouac's style's ostensible spontaneity.

In July 1957, Kerouac lived in a small house on 141812 Clouser Avenue in Orlando, Florida, to wait for the debut of On the Road. In the New York Times a week later, Gilbert Millstein's book Review announced that Kerouac is the voice of a new generation. Kerouac was praised as a leading American writer. Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, and Gregory Corso, among other things, became a common representation of the Beat Generation. During a discussion with fellow novelist Herbert Huncke, Kerouac created the term Beat Generation. Huncke used the term "beat" to describe a person with little money and few prospects. He had said, "I'm beat to my socks." Kerouac's fame came as a result of an unstopable surge that would eventually be his demise.

Kerouac's book is often described as the "king of the beat generation," a phrase with which he never felt secure. "I'm not a beatnik," he said once. "You know who made this?" shows the reporter a portrait of Pope Paul VI. "I am Me."

Kerouac gained instant fame thanks to On the Road's success. Publishers were able to delist unwanted manuscripts that had been previously rejected prior to its publication, thanks to his celebrity. He no longer felt safe in public after nine months. One night, three men assaulted him outside the San Remo Cafe on 189 Bleecker Street in New York City. Neal Cassady was arrested and jailed for selling marijuana, perhaps as a result of his recent notoriety as the book's central protagonist.

In response, Kerouac chronicled portions of his own experience with Buddhism, as well as some of his experiences with Gary Snyder and other San Francisco-area writers in The Dharma Bums, which was published in California and Washington in 1958. It was published in Orlando from November 26 to December 7, 1957. As he had done six years for On the Road, beginning with Dharma Bums, Kerouac typed onto a ten-foot length of teleprinter paper to prevent interruption of his flow for paper changes.

Kerouac was demoralized by criticism of Dharma Bums from such respected figures in the American field of Buddhism as Zen scholars Ruth Fuller Sasaki and Alan Watts. He wrote to Snyder, referring to a meeting with D.T.'s daughter. "Even Suzuki was gazing at me through slitted eyes as if I were a monstrous imposter," Suzuki says. He passed up the opportunity to reunite with Snyder in California and told Philip Whalen, "I'd be ashamed to see you and Gary now because I've become so decadent and inebriated and can't give a shit." I'm no longer a Buddhist. "In reaction to their rebuttal of their condemnation, Abe Green's Thrasonical Yawning in the Abattoir of the Soul were washed over by the Font of Euphoria and bask like protozoans in the celebrated light."

Pull My Daisy (1959), directed by Robert Frank and Alfred Leslie, was also written and narrated by Kerouac. Allen Ginsberg and Gregory Corso, guitarist David Amram, and painter Larry Rivers were among others among the poets on the show. The original intention of being called The Beat Generation was changed at the last minute when MGM released a film by the same name in July 1959 that sensationalized beatnik culture.

Two young men "on the road" in a Corvette, looking for adventure and fueling their travels by evidently plentiful temporary jobs in the various American cities framing Kerouac's story model for On the Road, giving the appearance of being a commercially sanitized misappropriation of Kerouac's story model for On the Road. Even the leads, Buz and Todd, have a similarity to the dark, athletic Kerouac, and the blonde Cassady/Moriarty, respectively. Kerouac was insistently ripped off by Route 66 creator Stirling Silliphant and threatened to sue him, CBS, the Screen Gems TV production company, and sponsor Chevrolet, but was ultimately advised against proceeding with what seemed to be a potentially damaging cause of action.

On the Road and Visions of Cody, John Antonelli's 1985 documentary Kerouac, begins and ends with a video of Kerouac reading from On the Road and Visions of Cody. "How will you define the word 'beat,' Allen said in reaction to Allen's query. "Well... sympathetic," Kerouac says.

I'd really like to read them !

During these years, Kerouac suffered the death of his older sister to a heart attack in 1964, as well as a painful stroke in 1966. Neal Cassady died in 1968 while living in Mexico.

Kerouac was also critical of it, despite the fact that his literary work inspired the 1960s counterculture movement. Kerouac believed that the campaign, which Kerouac dismissed as only an excuse to be "spiteful," resulted in him splitting with Ginsberg by 1968.

Kerouac was also on television in 1968, for Firing Line, which was produced and hosted by William F. Buckley Jr. (a friend of his school). He affirmed his Catholicism and talked about 1960s counterculture.

Kerouac was at work in St. Petersburg, Florida, on the morning of October 20, 1969, while working on a book about his father's print shop. He screamed and rushed to the toilet, where he began to vomit blood. Kerouac was admitted to St. Anthony's Hospital after suffering from an esophageal hemorrhage. He underwent several transfusions in an attempt to make up for the blood loss, and doctors treated the condition, but his blood did not clot until he stopped bleeding due to a defected liver. He never recovered consciousness after the procedure and died at the hospital at 5:15 a.m. on the morning at the age of 47. The cause of death was listed as an internal hemorrhage (bleeding esophageal varices) related to cirrhosis, which was a result of long-term alcohol use. Untreated hernia he suffered in a bar brawl just weeks earlier, which could have played a role. He is buried in Lowell, Massachusetts, at Edson Cemetery.

Stella Sampas Kerouac, his third wife, and his mother, Gabrielle, were living together at the time of his death. The majority of Kerouac's estate was inherited by his mother.

Source

Early career: 1950–1957

The Town and the City was published in 1950 under the name "John Kerouac"; although it received him a few favorable reviews, the book did not do well. It focuses on Thomas Wolfe's generational epic formula and the differences between small-town life and the city's multi-dimensional, and greater life. Robert Giroux was heavily edited into the book, with around 400 pages taken out.

Kerouac continued to write on a regular basis for the next six years. Kerouac and his second wife, Joan Haverty, lived at 454 West 20th Street in Manhattan with their second wife, who were tentatively titled "The Beat Generation" and "Gone on the Road," according to a draft. The book was largely autobiographical and describes Kerouac's road trips around the United States and Mexico with Neal Cassady in the late 1940s and early 1950s, as well as his friendships with other Beat writers and colleagues. Although some of the book is focused on driving, Kerouac did not have a driver's license, and Cassady did the majority of the cross-country driving. He learned to drive at the age of 34, but never had a valid license.

During a three-week break of spontaneous confessional prose, Kerouac finished the first draft of the book. Kerouac wrote the final draft in 20 days, with Joan, his wife, supplying him with benzedrine, cigarettes, bowls of pea soup, and mugs of coffee to keep him going. Before starting, Kerouac cut tracing paper into long strips, large enough for a typewriter, and taped them together into a 120-foot (37 m) long roll that he then fed into the machine. He could type uninterruptedly without interruption of reloading pages. The resulting book had no chapter or paragraph breaks, and was much more detailed than the one that was eventually published. Though "spontaneous," Kerouac was organized well ahead of starting to write. In fact, Mark Van Doren, a Columbia professor and mentor, had outlined much of the study in his journals over the years.

Although the project was completed quickly, Kerouac had a long and difficult time finding a publisher. Kerouac began working as a "railroad brakeman and fire lookout" before being accepted by Viking Press on the road, earning money on both the East and West coasts of the United States, often finding rest and shade for writing at his mother's house. While working in this capacity, Abe Green, a young freight train jumper who later introduced Kerouac to Herbert Huncke, a Times Square street hustler and one of many Beat Generation writers, was a favorite of many Beat Generation writers.

Publishers turned off On the Road due to its experimental writing style and its sexual content. Many journalists were also concerned with the prospect of publishing a book that contained what seemed to be accurate drug use and homosexual conduct in the 1980s, a development that might result in obscenity charges being filed, according to Naked Lunch and Ginsberg's Howl.

According to Kerouac, On the Road was "actually a tale about two Catholic buddies who were wandering the country in search of God." We found him on the internet. I found him in the sky in Market Street San Francisco (those two visions), and Dean (Neal) had God sweating out of his forehead all the way. THE HOLY MAN must SWEAT FOR GOD, AND there is no other way out: the HOLY MAN must die. And when he has found Him, the Godhood of God is eternal, and must not be talked about." On the Road has been misinterpreted as a tale of companions out looking for thrills, according to his biographer, historian Douglas Brinkley, but the most important thing to note is that Kerouac was an American Catholic author – for example, virtually every page of his diary contained a crucifix, a prayer, or an appeal to Christ to be redeemed.

Joan Haverty left and divorced Kerouac in 1951, while pregnant. After a blood test revealed it nine years later, she gave birth to Kerouac's only child, Jan Kerouac. Kerouac continued writing and traveling for the next five years, making long trips around the United States and Mexico. He had frequent bouts of heavy drinking and depression. During this time, he completed drafts of what would have been ten more books, including The Subterraneans, Doctor Sax, Tristessa, and Desolation Angels, which chronicle many of the events of the years.

He was mainly in New York City in 1953, having a brief but passionate relationship with an African-American woman. This woman was the basis for the character "Mardou" in the book "The Subterraneans' book. Kerouac redesigned the book from New York to San Francisco at the request of his editors.

Kerouac first read the Dwight Goddard's A Buddhist Bible at the San Jose Library in 1954, which marked the start of his Buddhist study. Between 1955 and 1956, he lived on and off with his sister, "Nin," and her husband, Paul Blake, at their home outside of Rocky Mount, N.C. ("Testament, Va."), where he meditated on, and studied Buddhism. While living in Japan, he wrote Some of the Dharma, an imaginative reflection on Buddhism. However, Kerouac had earlier expressed an interest in Eastern thought. He read Heinrich Zimmer's Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization in 1946. Kerouac wrote Wake Up: A Life of the Buddha, which was unpublished during his lifetime but later published in Tricycle: The Buddhist Review, 1995–199. In September 2008, Viking brought it out.

Kerouac encountered opponents from both political parties, the right shaming his involvement with drugs and sexual libertinism, and the left mocking his anti-communist sentiment and Catholicism; nevertheless, he watched Senator Joseph McCarthy's 1954 Senate McCarthy hearings as he rooted for the anti-Communist crusader. "When I went to Columbia, all they wanted to teach us was Marx, as if I cared" (considering Marxism, like Freudianism), "a desolation angel" was written by Angels.

On the Road was eventually purchased by Viking Press, which requested major revisions prior to publication, after being rejected by several other publishers. Many of the book's "characters" were deleted, and pseudonyms were used for the book's "characters" because of the book's "characters." These revisions have often sparked criticism of Kerouac's style's ostensible spontaneity.

Kerouac first moved to a small house on 141812 Clouser Avenue in Orlando, Florida, in July 1957, awaiting the introduction of On the Road. Gilbert Millstein's book review appeared in The New York Times, naming Kerouac as the voice of a new generation. Kerouac was hailed as a leading American writer. Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, and Gregory Corso, among other things, became a well-known representation of the Beat Generation. During a talk with fellow novelist Herbert Huncke, Kerouac created the term Beat Generation. Huncke used the term "beat" to describe a person with little wealth and no prospects. He had screamed to his socks. Kerouac's fame came as a result of an unmanageable surge that would eventually be his undoing.

Kerouac's book is often described as the "beginning work of the post-World War II Beat Generation and Kerouac," a term with which he never felt secure. "I'm not a beatnik," he said once. "You know who painted it?" says the reporter. "You know who painted it?" says the Catholic. Me.

Kerouac gained instant fame as a result of On the Road's popularity. Publishers were compelled to publish unwanted manuscripts that had been previously rejected before publication. He no longer felt safe in public after nine months. One night, three men attacked him outside the San Remo Café on 189 Bleecker Street in New York City. Neal Cassady was arrested and arrested for selling marijuana, perhaps as a result of the book's new notoriety as the book's central character.

In reaction, Kerouac chronicled portions of his own Buddhist experience as well as some of his San Francisco-area poets' adventures in The Dharma Bums, which was published in California and Washington in 1958. It was published in Orlando between November 26 and December 7, 1957. As he had done six years for On the Road, Dharma Bums, Kerouac typed, onto a ten-foot length of teleprinter paper to avoid interrupting his flow for paper changes.

Kerouac was demoralized by criticism of Dharma Bums from such respected figures in the American field of Buddhism as Zen scholars Ruth Fuller Sasaki and Alan Watts. He wrote to Snyder, referring to a meeting with D.T. "Even Suzuki was looking at me through slitted eyes as though I were a monstrous imposter," Suzuki said. He passed up the opportunity to reunite with Snyder in California and told Philip Whalen, "I'd be embarrassed to meet you and Gary now because I've become so decadent and inebriated and don't give a shit." I'm no longer a Buddhist. "In reaction to their skepticism, Abe Green's café recitation, Thrasonical Yawning in the Abattoir of the Soul" washed over by the Fountain of Euphoria, and bask like protozoans in the celebrated light."

Pull My Daisy (1959), directed by Robert Frank and Alfred Leslie, was also written and narrated by Kerouac. Allen Ginsberg and Gregory Corso, guitarist David Amram, and painter Larry Rivers were among others among others. The Beat Generation was originally intended to be called The Beat Generation, but the title was changed at the last moment when MGM unveiled a film in July 1959 that dominated beatnik culture.

Two young men "on the road" in a Corvette seeking adventure and fueling their travels by allegedly numerous temporary jobs in the various U.S. locales framing Kerouac's story model for On the Road, according to the television series Route 66 (1960-1964). And Buz and Todd's leads have a similarity to the dark, athletic Kerouac and the blonde Cassady/Moriarty, respectively. Kerouac was shocked that Route 66 creator Stirling Silliphant had ripped him off, and threatened to sue him, CBS, the Screen Gems TV production firm, and Chevrolet, but he was otherwise advised against proceeding with what seemed to be a very valid cause of action.

The film On the Road and Visions of Cody, John Antonelli's 1985 documentary Kerouac, begins and ends with a video of Kerouac reading from On the Road and Visions of Cody. "How will you define the word 'beat,' Allen asks in reaction to Allen's question "how can you determine the word 'beat?' "Well,... sympathetic" Kerouac responds.

I'd really like to read them !

Kerouac's older sister died in 1964 from a heart attack, and his mother suffered a paralyzing stroke in 1966. Neal Cassady died while in Mexico in 1968.

Despite the fact that his literary contributions contributed to the 1960s counterculture movement, Kerouac was outspoken about it. "The commotion, which Kerouac believed was only an excuse to be "spiteful," culminated in him splitting with Ginsberg in 1968.

Kerouac last appeared on television for Firing Line, produced and hosted by William F. Buckley Jr. (a friend of his college). He reiterated his Catholicism and talked about the 1960s counterculture.

Kerouac was working on a book about his father's printing shop in St. Petersburg, Florida, on the morning of October 20, 1969. He immediately felt ill and went to the toilet, where he began to vomit blood. Kerouac was admitted to St. Anthony's Hospital after suffering from an esophageal hemorrhage. He underwent multiple transfusions in an attempt to make up for the blood loss, and doctors performed surgery, but his blood did not clot due to a damaged liver. After the procedure, he never recovered consciousness and died at the hospital at 5:15 the following morning at the age of 47. His cause of death was listed as an internal hemorrhage (bleeding esophageal varices) caused by cirrhosis, which was the result of long-term alcohol use. A potential contributing factor was an untreated hernia who had been involved in a bar fight a few weeks earlier. He is buried at Edson Cemetery in Lowell, Massachusetts, and is buried there.

Stella Sampas Kerouac, his third wife, and his mother, Gabrielle, were living together at the time of his death. The majority of Kerouac's estate was passed down by his mother.

Later career: 1957–1969

Kerouac lived in a tiny house on 141812 Clouser Avenue in Orlando, Florida, in July 1957, while waiting for the introduction of On the Road. In The New York Times, Gilbert Millstein's review of the book revealed that Kerouac is the voice of a new generation. Kerouac was praised as a leading American writer. Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, and Gregory Corso, among others, became a well-known representation of the Beat Generation. During a talk with fellow novelist Herbert Huncke, Kerouac invented the term Beat Generation. Huncke used the word "beat" to describe a person with little money and few prospects. He had screamed over his socks. Kerouac's fame came as a result of an unstoppable surge that would ultimately be his domination.

Kerouac's book is often described as the defining work of the post-World War II Beat Generation and Kerouac, a term with which he never felt secure. "I'm not a beatnik," he said once. "You know who painted it?" a painting of Pope Paul VI shows the reporter, "You know who painted it?" says the journalist. "I'm me."

On the Road, the Kerouac instant fame was born. Publishers were able to request discarded manuscripts that had been rejected before the publication. He no longer felt secure in public after nine months. One night, three guys at the San Remo Cafe on 189 Bleecker Street in New York City was brutally wounded. Neal Cassady was arrested and jailed for selling marijuana, possibly as a result of his new notoriety as the book's central character.

In reaction, Kerouac chronicled portions of his own experience with Buddhism, as well as some of his adventures with Gary Snyder and other San Francisco-area writers in The Dharma Bums, which was published in California and Washington in 1958. It was published in Orlando between November 26 and December 7, 1957. As he had done six years for On the Road, he began preparing Dharma Bums, Kerouac typed onto a ten-foot length of teleprinter paper to avoid interrupting his flow for paper changes.

Kerouac's demoralization was demotivized by criticism of Dharma Bums from such respected names in the American field of Buddhism as Zen scholars Ruth Fuller Sasaki and Alan Watts. He wrote to Snyder, referring to a meeting with D.T.. "Even Suzuki was looking at me through slitted eyes as though I were a monstrous imposter," Suzuki said. He passed up the opportunity to reunite with Snyder in California and told Philip Whalen, "I'd be ashamed to confront you and Gary now because I've become so decadent and inebriated, and don't give a shit." I'm no longer a Buddhist. "In reaction to their skepticism, Abe Green's café recitation, Thrasonical Yawning in the Abattoir of the Soul": "A deserted, rabid congregation, eager to bathe, is led to the Font of Euphoria, and bask like protozoans in the celebrated light."

Pull My Daisy (1959), directed by Robert Frank and Alfred Leslie, was also written and narrated by Kerouac. Allen Ginsberg and Gregory Corso, guitarist David Amram, and painter Larry Rivers were among the many performers on the program. The Beat Generation was originally intended to be called The Beat Generation, but when MGM announced a film by the same name in July 1959 that sensationalized beatnik culture, beatnik culture was changed at the last moment.

Route 66 (1960–1964), a television series starring two young men "on the road" in a Corvette seeking adventure and fueling their travels by reportedly plentiful temporary workers in the various U.S. cities framing Kerouac's story model for On the Road, gave the appearance of being a commercially sanitized misappropriation of Kerouac's story model for On the Road. And the two leads, Buz and Todd, have a similarity to Kerouac's smoky, athletic Kerouac, and Cassady/Moriarty. Kerouac felt he'd been ripped off by Route 66 creator Stirling Silliphant and threatened to sue him, CBS, the Screen Gems TV production company, and Chevrolet, but was ultimately advised not to proceed with what seemed to be a very strong cause of action.

On the Road and Visions of Cody, John Antonelli's 1985 documentary Kerouac opens and ends with a video of Kerouac reading from On the Road and Visions of Cody. "How can you define the word 'beat,' Allen asked in response to Allen's question." "Well... sympathetic," Kerouac says.

I'd really like to read them !

During these years, Kerouac suffered the death of his older sister in 1964 due to a heart attack, and his mother in 1966 suffered a paralyzing stroke. Neal Cassady died in 1968 while in Mexico.

Despite the fact that his literary contributions fueled the 1960s counterculture movement, Kerouac was remarkably dismissive of it. Arguments over the movement, which Kerouac dismissed as just a ruse to be "spiteful," resulted in him splitting with Ginsberg by 1968.

Kerouac last appeared on television in 1968 for Firing Line, which was also produced and hosted by William F. Buckley Jr. (a friend of his from college). He affirmed his Catholicism and spoke about the 1960s counterculture.

Kerouac, who was working on a book about his father's printing shop, was up in St. Petersburg, Florida, on October 20, 1969. He became ill and went to the toilet, where he began to vomit blood. Kerouac was admitted to St. Anthony's Hospital after suffering from an esophageal hemorrhage. He underwent multiple transfusions in an attempt to make up for the blood loss, and doctors performed surgery, but doctors later discovered a scarred liver prevented his blood from clotting. He never recovered consciousness after the procedure and died at the hospital at 5:15 the next morning at the age of 47. His cause of death was described as an internal hemorrhage (bleeding esophageal varices) caused by cirrhosis, which was the result of long-time alcohol use. A possible contributing factor was an untreated hernia, which had occurred in a bar brawl just weeks before. He is buried in Lowell, Massachusetts, and is buried there.

Stella Sampas Kerouac's third wife and his mother, Gabrielle, were living together at the time of his death. The majority of Kerouac's estate was inherited by his mother.

Source