Fatima Jinnah

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Fatima Jinnah (31 July 1893 – 9 July 1967), better known as Mdere Millat ("Mother of the Country"), was a Pakistani politician, dental surgeon, and one of Pakistan's most influential founders. She was the younger sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Pakistani entrepreneur and the first Governor General of Pakistan.

She received a dental degree from the University of Calcutta in 1923 and became India's first female dentist and mentor to Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan's first Governor General. She rose as a leading member of the All-India Muslim League and a vocal promoter of the British Raj.

Jinnah co-founded the Pakistan Women's Association, which was instrumental in the peace of the women migrants in the newly founded country following Pakistan's independence. She was her brother's closest confidant until his death. Fatima was barred from addressing the nation until 1951, until the Liaquat administration barred her 1951 radio address to the nation. My Brother wrote the book in 1955, but it was only released 32 years later, in 1987, when the establishment had accused Fatima of "anti-nationalist propaganda." And when a few pages from the book's manuscript were released, no pages were left out.

Jinnah came out of her self-imposed political retirement in 1965 to run in the presidential election against military dictator Ayub Khan. She was backed by a alliance of political parties, and despite political rigging by the military, she took two of Pakistan's biggest cities, Karachi and Dhaka, from the military. When covering the 1965 election campaign, Time, a nationally distributed newspaper, reported that Jinnah and his allies assaulted her modesty and patriotism.

Jinnah was born in Karachi on July 9, 1967. Her death is subjected to controversy, as some reports have suggested that she died of unnatural causes. Her family members had requested an inquiry, but the government refused to investigate it. With nearly half a million people attending her funeral in Karachi, she remains one of Pakistan's most coveted leaders.

Her legacy is linked to her activism for civil rights, her involvement in the Pakistan Movement, and her brother's devoted service. M.e Millat ("Mother of the Country") and Khty P.n ("Lady of Pakistan"), several companies and public spaces in Pakistan have been named in her honor.

Early life and background

During the Bombay Presidency in British India, Fatima was born into the Jinnah family on July 31, 1893, the youngest of seven children to Jinnahbhai Poonja and his partner Mithibai in Kathiawar, Gujarat. Fatima had six siblings: Muhammad Ali, Ahmad Ali, Bunde Ali, Rahmat Ali, Maryam, and Shireen Jinnah. Of her siblings, Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the closest to her guardian when they lost their father in 1901. She joined the Bandra Convent in Bombay in 1902. In 1919, she was admitted to Calcutta's highly ranked University, where she attended the Dr. R. Ahmed Dental College. She opened a dental clinic in Bombay in 1923 after she graduated.

When Jinnah married Rattanbai Petit in 1918, she lived with her brother until 1918. Following Rattanbai's death in February 1929, she closed her clinic, moved into her sister Dina Jinnah's bungalow to care for her niece Dina Jinnah, and took over his house. This was the beginning of a lifelong friendship that lasted until her brother's death on September 11, 1948.

The presidential election of 1965 was a moment in political life and the 1965 presidential election.

Jinnah attended every public appearance that he made. In 1930, she moved to London, England, where she learned to speak English. Jinnah was a student at the University of Jinnah for four years. Jinnah came back to India to ensure that Indian Muslims have an independent homeland.

Jinnah established the Women's Relief Committee, which later became the founding nucleus of the All Pakistan Women's Association (APWA), which later became Rana Liaquat Ali Khan during the 1947 transition of power. She was also instrumental in the peace of Muhajirs in Pakistan's new state.

Jinnah returned to the forefront of political life in the 1960s as a candidate for the Combined Opposition Party of Pakistan. (COPP). Ayub Khan, her rival, has been dubbed a tyrant by the woman. Nearly 250,000 people thronged to see her in Dhaka, and a million lined the 293-mile route from there to Chittagong in her early rallies. Her train, which was branded the Freedom Special, arrived 22 hours late because men at every station pulled the emergency cord and begged her to speak. Madr-e-Millat, the country's Mother, was praised by the crowds.

Ayub had forfeited the rivers to India by coming to terms with India on the Indus Water dispute, according to her address. She barely lost the election after winning a majority in some provinces. The vote did not include direct democracy of the people, and some journalists and scholars believe she may have won if it had been a direct election.

Jinnah, also known as the Madr-e-Millat or Mother of the Country, contested the 1965 elections at the age of 71. Except for her brief visit to East Pakistan in 1954, she had not been interested in politics since independence. She once wished the regime was well after Ayub Khan's imposition of martial law. However, she sympathized with the opposition after the martial law was revoked, supporting democratic ideals as a person of democratic ideals. She was held in high esteem as the sister of her beloved brother and came to represent the people's democratic aspirations. Jinnah tried to run in the presidential's office in 1965, and the political landscape changed. In the indirect election, which Ayub Khan had himself sponsored, she was criticizing tyrant and self-proclaimed "president" Ayub Khan.

Presidential candidates for the first time in 1965 were announced before the Basic Democracy referendum, which would make up the Electoral College for the Presidential and Assembly elections. The Convention Muslim League and the Combined Opposition Parties were two main parties in the election, as well as two independent candidates. Five major opposition parties were grouped into five groups. Its nine-point agenda included direct elections, adult franchise, and the democratization of the 1962 Constitution. The opposition parties of the Combined Opposition Parties were not united and did not have a common understanding of thought and action. They were unable to choose presidential candidates from among themselves; therefore, they elected Jinnah as their candidate.

On January 2, 1965, the first general election was held. There were four candidates: Ayub Khan, Fatima Jinnah, and two anonymous people with no party affiliation. For a short campaigning period, there was only one month that was extended to nine projection meetings that were sponsored by the Election Commission and were attended only by members of the Electoral College and members of the press. The general public was forbidden from attending the projection meetings, which would have improved Jinnah's reputation.

Ayub Khan had a massive advantage over the rest of the candidates. The Second Amendment to the Constitution established him as president until the election of his replacement. During elections, Armed with broad constitutional authority, he exercised complete control over all governmental machinery. He used the state departments as governor, not as the President of the Convention Muslim League or a presidential candidate, and did not hesitate to legislate on election issues. The two supporters of the Ayub Khan regime, bureaucracy and industry, all supported him in his campaign. He brought all of the dissatisfied elements together to assist him; students were promised that the University Ordinance and journalists were reviewed; journalists were notified of the update of the Press Laws; and journalists were encouraged to look at the Press Laws. Ayub Khan also received the blessing of the Ulama, who were of the belief that Islam does not recognize a woman to lead an Islamic nation.

After the founder's death, Jinnah had detached herself from the political turmoil that had plagued Pakistan after his death. The sight of her strolling through big cities, as well as in a Muslim country's rural areas, contributed to her burgeoning. Ayub Khan was proclaimed a tyrant by the queen. Jinnah's tactic was that by coming to terms with the Republic of India on the Indus Water issue, Ayub had relinquished power of the rivers over to India. Her campaign sparked a lot of public opinion. In all major cities of East and West Pakistan, she attracted huge crowds. Nevertheless, the campaign was marred by a string of drawbacks. Unfair and unequal election campaign, inadequate funds, and indirect elections through the Basic Democracy System were just a few of the primary challenges she encountered.

In the 1965 presidential election, Jinnah secured the popular vote. However, Ayub Khan was elected as Pakistan's President by a combination of post-election rigging, coercion, and manipulation of the electoral college. It is believed she would have won if the elections had been held by direct vote. There were only 80,000 Basic Democrats in the Electoral College, who were very manipulative. The fact that a woman was contesting the country's highest political office was determining the election was significant. The traditional religious political parties, including the Jamaat-e-Islami led by Maulana Maududi, had consistently stated that a woman could not run for the highest office of a Muslim nation, changed their position and promoted Jinnah's candidacy. The results revealed that the people had no prejudice against women serving in top positions, and they could be one of the country's top politicians.

Matloobul Hassan Syed argued that during Jinnah's election bid against General Ayub Khan, she contended that she might represent them better because she was a Shia. "The Court was compelled to repose more faith in the Quaid and his sister's avowed non-sectarian public stance," Liaquat H. Merchant said. Both Muhammad Ali Jinnah and his sister "carefully avoided a sectarian term."

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