Alexei Rykov

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Alexei Ivanovich Rykov, born in 1881 and 1930, was a Russian Bolshevik orthodox and a Soviet politician most prominent as Premier of Russia and the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1930.

During the Great Terror, one of the perpetrators of Stalin's show trials was arrested. Rykov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1898, and after it split into Bolshevik and Menshevik factions in 1903, led by Vladimir Lenin, he joined the Bolsheviks.

He was instrumental in the 1905 Russian Revolution.

During the Sixth Congress of the Bolshevik Party in 1917, he became a member of the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets and was elected to the Bolshevik Party Central Committee in July–August.

Rykov, a moderate, often fell into political struggle with Lenin and more radical Bolsheviks, but was nonetheless instrumental in the Russian Provisional Government, serving on the first roster of the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom), which was chaired by Lenin. Rykov supervised the delivery of food to the Red Army and Navy during the Russian Civil War (1917-23). After Lenin was incapacitated by his third stroke in March 1923, Lenin — as Lev Kamenev — was elected by the Sovnarkom as Deputy Chairman to Lenin.

Kamenev was both Lenin and Kamenev, but Kamenev was the Soviet Union's acting Prime Minister. Lenin died of a fourth stroke on January 21, 1924, and the Council of People's Commissars selected him as Premier of both the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Soviet Union, which he served as both Premierships in both the Russian Soviet Communist Republic and the Soviet Union, which lasted until 1929 and 1930 respectively.

He was voted out of the Politburo on December 21, 1930. Rykov served as People's Commissar of Communications on the Council, which he had previously chaired.

He was arrested with Nikolai Bukharin on 17 February 1937, at a meeting of the Central Committee.

Both were found guilty of treason and execution in March 1938.

Early life (1881–1900)

Alexei Ivanovich Rykovich Rykov was born in Saratov, Russia, on February 25th, 1881. His parents were ethnic Russian peasants from Kukarka (located in the province Vyatka). Ivan Illych Rykov, a farmer whose work had led the family to relocation in Saratov, died in 1889 from cholera when serving in Merv. His widowed stepmother could not care for him, so he was cared for by his older sister, Klavdiya Ivanovna Rykova, an officeworker for the Ryazan-Uralsk railroad. He began his first year of middle school in Saratov in 1892. He began high school at the age of 13. He excelled in mathematics, physics, and the natural sciences. Rykov reformed his faith at 15 years old, and he denied going to church and confession. He graduated from high school and enrolled at the University of Kazan in 1900, but did not complete his studies.

In 1898, Rykov joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) and endorsed the Bolshevik faction, which was divided into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks at the Second Congress in 1903. He served as a Bolshevik agent in Moscow and Saint Petersburg and was active in the Russian Revolution of 1905. He was elected a member of the 3rd Congress of the Party Central Committee in London in 1905 (boycotted by the Mensheviks) in 1905 and 1906's 4th Congress in Stockholm. At the 5th Congress in London, he was elected candidate (non-voting) member of the Central Committee.

At the 1909 mini-conference in Paris, initially favoring Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin in the 1908-09 war with Alexander Bogdanov for the Bolshevik faction's leadership, the former Bolshevik faction's leader Lenin was voted to exclude the latter. He lived in France from 1910 to 1912, and he criticized Lenin's plan that the Bolsheviks become a national party. Rykov's exile to Siberia for revolutionary activity brought the conflict to an end.

Rykov returned from Siberia after the 1917 February Revolution and re-joined the Bolsheviks, although he remained skeptical of their more radical tendencies. He became a member of the Petrograd Soviet and the Moscow Soviet Union. He was elected to the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party in July-August 1917. He was a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee in Moscow during the 1917 October Revolution.

After the war, Rykov was named People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. The executive committee of the national railroad labor union, Vikzhel, threatened a national strike unless the Bolsheviks shared power with other socialist parties and barred Lenin and Leon Trotsky from the cabinet on October 29th (Old Style), immediately after Bolshevik's seizure of power. Grigori Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, and their allies in the Bolshevik Central Committee argued that the Bolsheviks had no choice but to begin negotiations since a railroad strike had crippled their government's ability to combat the forces that had been still loyal to the overthrown Provisional Government. Despite the fact that Zinoviev, Kamenev, and Rykov briefly had the support of a Central Committee majority and talks were launched, a shortfall of the anti-Bolshevik forces outside Petrograd prompted Lenin and Trotsky to request the Central Committee to abandon the negotiations process. On November 17, 1917, Yukov, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Vladimir Milyutin, Vladimir Milyutin, and Victor Nogin resigned from the Central Committee and the government.

On April 3rd 1918, Rykov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Council of National Economy and served in that role through the Russian Civil War. He joined the reorganized Revolutionary Military Council on July 5th, 1919, where he remained until October 1919. He served as a special representative of the Council of Labor and Defense for food supplies for the Red Army and Navy from July 1919 to August 1921. Rykov was elected to the Communist Party Central Committee on April 5th, 1920, shortly after the 9th Party Congress and became a member of the Orgburo, where he stayed until 23 May 1924.

Rykov resigned his Supreme Council of National Economy post on May 28, 1921, after the Bolsheviks fought victorious in the civil war. He was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Russian SFSR's Council of Labor and Defense under Lenin on May 26, 1921. Rykov, who was increasingly disabled by poor health, became his deputy at the Sovnarkom (Council of People's Commissars), on December 29th. After the 11th Party Congress, Rykov joined the ruling Politburo on April 3, 1922. Following the formation of the Soviet Union in December 1922, a government reorganization resulting in Rykov's appointment as Chairman of the USSR Supreme Council of National Economy and Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of People's Commissars on July 6th 1923.

After Lenin's death on January 21-24, Rykov resigned as Chairman of the US Supreme Council of National Economy and became Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union and the Sovnarkom of the RSFSR also on February 2, 1924.

Rykov, together with Nikolai Bukharin and Mikhail Tomsky, led the moderate wing of the Communist Party in the 1920s, pushing for a partial revival of the market economy under NEP plans. In 1923–24, the moderates supported Joseph Stalin, Grigory Zinoviev, and Lev Kamenev against Leon Trotsky and the Left Opposition. Bukharin and Tomsky supported Stalin against Trotsky, Zinoviev, and Kamenev's break in 1925, following Trotsky's defeat and Stalin's break with Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1925. After Kamenev protested Stalin during the 14th Party Congress in December 1925, he resigned as Chairman of the Soviet Council of Labor and Defense, which he had assumed from Lenin after Lenin's resignation—and was replaced by Rykov on 19 January 1926.

Under his leadership, vodka was heavily taxed and became known as "Rykovka" in Russian. Some of his political foes believed he was a heavy drinker, but in truth, he was an abstainer.

The transformation of the Soviet Union's power structure was represented by Rykov's Premiership. The Communist Party, which was led by Stalin informally, wielded power from the legitimate government agencies from 1924 to 1930. Although no exact date can be given for Stalin's ascension to power, the United Opposition, which included Kamenev, Zinoviev, and Trotsky, was defeated and supporters were kicked out of the party by December 1927. Following the demise of the United Opposition, Stalin introduced more radical policies and came into conflict with the party's moderate wing. Both groups worked behind the scenes from 1928 to 1928. The war came to an end in February-April 1929, and the moderates, who were branded Right Opposition or "Rightists," were defeated and coerced to "admit their mistakes" after being forced to "admit their mistakes." On May 1929, Rykov lost his position as Prime Minister of the Russian Federation to Sergei Syrtsov, but he kept his other two posts. After admitting to another round of "mistakes," he was replaced by Vyacheslav Molotov as both Soviet Prime Minister and Chairman of the Council of Labor and Defense on December 19th. Rykov was barred from the Politburo two days after, carrying with him no chance of reform.

Rykov was named People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs on May 30th, a position he occupied after the Commissariat was reorganized as People's Commissariat for Communications of the USSR was reorganized in January 1932. He was introduced on February 10, 1934, as a candidate (non-voting) member of the Party's Central Committee. Rykov resigned as People's Commissar of Communications on September 26, 1936, following rumors launched at the first Moscow Show Trial against Kamenev and Zinoviev and Tomsky's suicide, but retained his position as a member of the Central Committee.

Rykov almost decided to take the example of his close friend Mikhail Tomsky and preempt arrest by suicide, but his family was told otherwise. Rykov and Bukharin were barred from the Communist Party and arrested at the Central Committee's February-March 1937 meeting. The Soviet Military Board found nine Soviet officials guilty of treason on Wednesday, including Rykov, Bukharin, Nikolai Krestinsky, Christian Rakovsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and sixteen other Soviet officials guilty of plotting against Stalin against Stalin. Rykov wrote a letter to the Soviet Military board requesting clemency, but they were unable to persuade them to reverse the decision. The majority of them were executed on March 15th. In 1941, Rakovsky was executed.

The Soviet government annulled the conviction in 1988 and rebuilt him during the perestroika. Rykov was later reinstated in the Soviet Union's Communist Party.

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