Robert Browning

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Robert Browning (17 May 1812 – December 1889) was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of the dramatic monologue made him one of the best Victorian writers.

His poems are known for their irony, characterization, deep humor, socioeconomic study, historical contexts, and criticism of vocabulary and syntax. Browning's early career began promisingly but then fell apart.

The long poems about Pauline and Paracelsus received some acclaim, but it was in 1840 that the difficult Sordello, which was seen as wilfully obscure, brought his poetry into disrepute.

His image took more than a decade to recover, during which time he moved away from the Shelleyan styles of his youth and toward a more personal look. Browning married Elizabeth Barrett, the older poet, in 1846 and moved to Italy.

He had compiled the essential collection Men and Women by the time she died in 1861.

Dramatis Personae and the book-length epic poem The Ring and the Book followed him, making him the most influential British poet.

He continued to write prolifically, but his most well-known feature today is the poetry he wrote in this middle period. Browning was regarded as a sage and philosopher-poet who, through his writing, had made contributions to Victorian social and political discourse.

Unusually for a poet, societies for the study of his work were founded when he was still alive.

Until the early 20th century, Browning Societies in Britain and the United States remained widespread.

Early years

Robert Browning was born in Walworth, Surrey, which now belongs to the Borough of Southwark in south London, which now falls under the Borough of Southwark. He was baptized at Lock's Fields Independent Chapel, Walworth, on June 14th, the only son of Sarah Anna (née Wiedemann) and Robert Browning. His father was a well-paid clerk for the Bank of England, earning around £150 per year. Browning's paternal grandfather was a slave owner in Saint Kitts, West Indies, but Browning's father, abolitionist, was an abolitionist. Following a slave revolt, Browning's father had been sent to the West Indies to work on a sugar plantation but he had to return to England. Browning's mother was the daughter of a German shipowner who had settled in Dundee, Scotland, and his Scottish wife. Margaret Tittle, his paternal grandmother, had inherited a plantation in St Kitts and was believed to have a mixed-race ancestry with some Jamaican blood, but writer Julia Markus says she was Kittitian rather than Jamaican. The evidence is inconclusive. Robert's father, a literary collector, amassed a library of over 6,000 books, some of which were rare, as Robert grew up in a household with limited literary resources. His mother, who was close, was a devout nonconformist and a natural entertainer. Sarianna, his younger sister who was also gifted, became her brother's companion in his later years after his wife's death in 1861. His father instilled in his children's love for literature and the arts.

Browning had written a book of poetry by the age of 12, which he later lost for a publisher for the lack of a publisher. He was educated at home by a tutor after attending one or two private schools and demonstrating an insurgent dislike of school life, drawing on the resources of his father's library. By 14, he was fluent in French, Greek, Italian, and Latin. He became a fan of Romantic poets, especially Shelley, who died as an atheist and vegetarian. He studied Greek at University College London at 16, but he left after his first year. His parents' evangelical faith prevented him from enrolling at Oxford or Cambridge University, but the Church of England would only admit members. He had inherited a great deal of musical talent through his mother, and he had arranged several songs. He resisted a formal career and brushed off his parents' remors by dedicating himself to poetry. He stayed at home until the age of 34, and his family was financially dependent on him until his marriage. His father paid for the publication of his son's poems.

"Pauline, a Fragment of a Confession," was published anonymously by Saunders and Otley in March 1833 by Robert Browning, who received the money from his aunt, Mrs Silverthorne. It's a long poem written in honor of poet Shelley and a little in his style. Originally Browning intended Pauline to be the first in a sequence written by various aspects of himself, but he quickly dismissed this plan. The paper was noticed by the media. W. J. : In the April 1833 edition of The Monthly Repository, Fox found merit in the work. In the Athenaeum, Allan Cunningham praised it. However, it did not sell any copies. Dante Gabriel Rossetti walked across it in the Reading Room of the British Museum and wrote to Browning, who later in Florence to ask if he was the author. Nevertheless, John Stuart Mill wrote that the author suffered from an "intense and morbid sense of consciousness." After making substantial revisions and adding a preface in which he asked for permission for a boyish piece, later Browning was rather embarrassed by the effort, and only included it in his collected poems of 1868.

On a short visit to St Petersburg and inaugurated Paracelsus, which was first published in 1835, he accompanied Chevalier George de Benkhausen, the Russian consul general, on a short visit to St Petersburg and opened Paracelsus, which was published in 1835. The savant and alchemist of the 16th century was undoubtedly recommended by the Comte Amédée de Ripart-Monclar, to whom it was dedicated. Wordsworth, Dickens, Landor, J. S. Mill, and the now famous Tennyson all saw some commercial and critical success, being lauded by Wordsworth, Dickens, Landor, J. S. Mill, and the now-famous Tennyson. It's a monodrama without action, dealing with the challenges of an intellectual trying to figure out his place in society. It gave him access to London's literary world.

He was introduced to Macready, who invited him to write a play as a result of his recent acquaintances. Five times, Strafford has been performed. Browning also wrote two other plays, one of which was not produced, while the other failed, Browning's losing to Macready.

In 1838, he toured Italy for background for Sordello, a long poem set in heroic couplets that Dante described as the Mantuan bard's imagined biography set against a backdrop of hate and conflict during the Guelph-Ghibelline wars. This was published in 1840 and met with widespread ridicule, earning him the reputation of wanton carelessness and obscurity. Tennyson claimed that he knew only the first and last lines. Jane Welsh Carlyle, wife of Thomas Carlyle (a Browning friend who heavily influenced Browning's poetry), confessed that she read the poem "could not tell whether Sordello was a book, a town, or a man."

Browning's reputation began to recover with the publication of Bells and Pomegranates, a series of eight pamphlets that were originally intended solely to include his plays. Fortunately for Browning's career, his publisher, Moxon, persuaded him to include some "dramatic poems," some of which had already appeared in periodicals.

Browning met Elizabeth Barrett, a poet six years his senior who lived as a semi-invalid in her father's house in Wimpole Street, London, in 1845. They began communicating regularly, and eventually a romance developed between them, leading to their marriage and a journey to Italy (for Elizabeth's health) on September 12, 1846. The marriage was initially private because Elizabeth's domineering father refused to marry any of his children. "The Mrs. Browning of popular imagination was a sweet, innocent young woman who suffered countless cruelty from a cruel papa, but who nonetheless had the good fortune to fall in love with Robert Browning." Elizabeth's Poems' second edition included her love sonnets, which she mourned at her husband's request. The book boosted her fame and high critical esteem, establishing her as a renowned Victorian poet. On William Wordsworth's death in 1850, she was a strong contender to become Poet Laureate, with the position eventually going to Tennyson.

The Brownings lived in Italy from the time of their marriage and to Elizabeth's death, first in Pisa, and then in Florence, where they discovered an apartment. (Now a museum to their memories). Robert Wiedemann Barrett Browning, their only child, was born in 1849, and the word "Penini" or "Penini" refers to him. Browning was fascinated by, and learned from, Italy's history and atmosphere in those years. In later life, he would refer to Italy as his university. The couple were well-ad, and their relationship together was positive as Elizabeth had inherited money from her mother. However, Browning's literary attack on his book did not disappoint, and he was still being criticized further by patrician writers such as Charles Kingsley for England's withdrawal from foreign lands.

Browning, a Liberal, favoured female liberation and opposed slavery, while still mourning for the victims of the American Civil War's North. In several poems attacking vivisection, he also argued for animal rights in later life. Browning himself was also a stalwart against anti-Semitism, sparking rumors that Browning was Jewish. "Why I am a Liberal," he wrote in 1877, he wrote a poem in which he wrote: "Who dares hold" – his fellow will keep bound?" "Not me."

Browning was raised in an evangelical nonconformist household. Shelley's reading of Shelley has indicated that he has briefly been an atheist. Browning is also said to have made an "uncharacteristic promise of faith to Alfred Domett," when he is said to have adored Byron's poetry "as a Christian." Poems such as "Christmas Eve and Easter-Day" help to reaffirm this Christian faith, which was bolstered by his wife. However, many have dismissed these books as a way to uncover Browning's religious convictions due to the constant use of dramatic monologue in a slew of hypothetical statements that cannot be traced to the author himself.

Browning regarded spiritualism as a fraud and was one of Daniel Dunglas Home's most adamant critics. A spirit face emerged after Browning and his wife Elizabeth attended one of his séances on July 23, 1855, finding it to be Home's barefoot. Browning had never lost a son in infancy, which made the deception worse.

Browning wrote an angry letter to The Times after the séance in which he said, "the entire display of hands, spirit utterances, etc. was a fraud and imposture." "Home was discovered in a vulgar deceitful fraud" Browning's son Pen wrote in 1902 Browning's son Pen. Elizabeth, on the other hand, was confident that the events she witnessed were real, and that her discussions about Home with her husband became a common point of disagreement.

Browning worked in Florence, most likely from early in 1853, on the poems that would become his two-volume Men and Women, for which he is now famous, but 1855, when they were first published, they made no difference.

Elizabeth died in Florence in 1861. Isa Blagden, a novelist and poet whose wife had a lengthy correspondence, was one of those who found consoling in that period. Browning returned to London in the following year, taking Pen with him, who by then was 12 years old. They lived in 17 Warwick Crescent, Maida Vale, where they grew up. He only became a member of the London literary scene, though he traveled to Italy on occasion (but not to Florence) when his name began to develop.

In 1868, after five years of struggle, he wrote and published The Ring and the Book, a long-verse poem. The poem is based on a convoluted murder case from the 1690s Rome novel "In a nutshell," the protagonists' stories are narrated by various characters in the story, presenting their individual viewpoints on events, which are bookended by an introduction and conclusion by Browning himself. Even by Browning's high hopes (over twenty-thousand lines), The Ring and the Book was his most ambitious venture and, perhaps his best work; it has been described as a tour de force of dramatic poetry by the author. The poem, which ran in four parts from November 1868 to February 1869, was a hit both commercially and critically, and it brought Browning the renown he had longed for for almost 40 years. The Robert Browning Society was established in 1881, and his work was recognized as part of the British literary canon.

Browning travelled extensively in the remaining years of his life. The volume Pacchiarotto and How He Worked in Distemper featured an attack on Browning's critics, including Alfred Austin, who later became Poet Laureate, after a series of long poems published in the early 1870s, of which Balaustion's Adventure and Red Cotton Night-Cap Country were the most well-received. Browning became involved with Louisa Stewart-Mackenzie, Lady Ashburton, but she turned down her marriage bid and did not remarry. In 1878, he visited Italy for the first time in the seventeen years after Elizabeth's death and returned to the country on several occasions. Browning's 1887-1990 Browning produced the majority of his later years's work, Parleyings with Certain People of Importance in Their Day. The poet finally spoke out in his own voice, participating in a series of discussions with long-forgotten figures of literary, artistic, and philosophical history. Browning's last book, Asolando (1889), was published on the day of his death and baffled the Victorian public by this.

Browning died in Venice on December 12th, 1889, at his son's Ca' Rezzonico. He was buried in Westminster Abbey's Poets' Corner, and his grave is now directly adjacent to that of Alfred Tennyson.

Browning has received numerous accolades throughout his life. He was born LL.D. The Lord Rectorship of Glasgow was offered to Edinburgh by John Arthur, a life Governor of London University. But he turned down anything that involved public speaking.

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