Oliver Cromwell

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Oliver Cromwell, a former English military and political figure, died on September 3rd, 1658).

He served as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland "and of the dominions thereto" from 1653 to his death, serving both as both head of state and head of the government of the new republic. Cromwell descended from King Henry VIII's maid, Thomas Cromwell, to a family descended from her sister.

Little is known about the first 40 years of his life, as only four of his personal letters survive, as well as a recap of a speech delivered in 1628.

After undergoing a religious conversion in the 1630s, he adopted a more tolerant view of the various Protestant sects of his time.

He was a self-styled Puritan Moses, and he firmly believed that God was leading his victories.

In the Short (1640) and Long (1640–1649) Parliaments, he was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 and again for Cambridge in the Short (1640) and Long (1640–1649) Parliaments.

Early life and education

Robert Cromwell and his second wife Elizabeth, William Steward's daughter, was born in Huntingdon on April 25.99. Morgan ap William, a brewer from Glamorgan who died near Putney (at that time) and married Katherine Cromwell (born 1482), Thomas Cromwell's sister, who would become Henry VIII's famous chief minister. As occasional beneficiaries of Thomas' administration of the Monasteries' Dissolution of Monasteries, the Cromwells received a lot of wealth. Morgan ap William was the son of William ap Yevan of Wales. Richard Williams (alias Cromwell) (c. 1500-1804), Henry Williams (c. 1524–1654), Oliver Cromwell (c. 1524–1654), then to Oliver's father, Robert Williams, alias Cromwell (c. 1564–1654), who married Elizabeth Steward (c. 1564–1654), who died in 1591. They had ten children, but Oliver, the fifth child, was the only boy to live infancy.

Sir Henry Williams, Cromwell's paternal grandfather, was one of Huntingdonshire's two richest landowners. Cromwell's father was modest in appearance but was still a member of the landed gentry. Robert inherited only a house in Huntingdon and a small amount of land as a younger boy with many siblings. This property would have brought in a yearly income of up to £300 a year, near the bottom of the range of gentry incomes. "I was by birth a gentleman, living neither in significant height nor in obscurity," Cromwell said in 1654.

Oliver Cromwell was baptised on 29 April 1599 at St John's Church and attended Huntingdon Grammar School. He continued to study at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and later, a new founded college with a strong Puritan spirit. He left in June 1617 without having a degree, right after his father's death. Early biographers agree he appeared in Lincoln's Inn later that day, but Inn's archives have no record of him. Antonia Fraser finds that it is likely that he did train at one of the London Inns of Court during this period. His grandfather, his father, and two of his uncles all attended Lincoln's Inn, and Cromwell sent his son Richard there in 1647.

After his father's death, Cromwell seems to have returned home to Huntingdon. He may have been needed at home to assist his family as his mother was widowed and his seven sisters were unmarried.

The couple had nine children:

There is no evidence pointing to Cromwell's faith in his early years. Henry Downhall, an Arminian minister, says he was yet to be influenced by radical Puritanism in his 1626 letter. However, there is also evidence that Cromwell suffered during the late 1620s and early 1630s. He was elected to Parliament in 1628 from Huntingdonshire county town Huntingdonshire. Théodore de Mayerne, a Swiss-born London doctor, sought medical and emotional assistance later this year. Cromwell became involved in a feud between the gentry of Huntingdon that involved the town's new charter in 1629. As a result, he was summoned before the Privy Council in 1630.

Cromwell sold the majority of his Huntingdon properties and relocated to a farmstead in nearby St Ives in 1631, owing to the riot. This step, which was a major decline in society for the Cromwells, also had a major emotional and spiritual impact on Cromwell; an extant 1638 letter from him to his cousin, Oliver St John's wife, gives an account of his spiritual awakening at this time. Cromwell, who has referred to himself as the "chief of sinners," speaks of his call as one of "the congregation of the firstborn." The letter's content, as well as several biblical quotes, illustrates Cromwell's claim that God's mercy saved him from his previous sins, and that Catholic beliefs and practices must be completely removed from the faith. Cromwell appears to have attempted to immigrate to what became the Connecticut Colony in the United States in 1634, but the government had prevented the program from leaving but the government refused to remove.

Cromwell, along with his brother Henry, had a smallholding of chickens and sheep, selling eggs and wool to support himself, and his life seemed to be similar to that of a yeoman farmer. Cromwell's uncle, on his mother's side, and uncle's work as a tithe collector for Ely Cathedral were handed over in 1636. As a result, his income is expected to have risen to around £300–400 a year; by the 1630s, Cromwell had returned to the ranks of recognized gentry. He had become a dedicated Puritan and had established strong family links to senior families in London and Essex.

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