Marcel Proust

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[mast] det. Louis Proust; French: [mast]; 10 July 1871-1892) was a French novelist, essayist, and essayist who wrote the monumental book In Search of Lost Time (Latest del pust; with the new English title translation of Remembrance of Things Past) first published in French in seven volumes between 1913 and 1927. Critics and writers have deemed him one of the twentieth century's most influential writers.

Early writing

Proust was involved in writing and publishing from an early age. He created a weekly society column in Le Mensuel, in addition to the literary magazines with which he was affiliated and in which he taught while at school (La Revue verte and La Revue lilas). In 1892, he was involved in the establishment of Le Banquet (also the French title of Plato's Symposium), and Proust continued to publish short articles in this journal and in the prestigious La Revue Blanche.

Les plaisirs et les jours, a compilation of many of these early works, was published in 1896. The book contained a foreword by Anatole France, drawings by Mme Lemaire in whose salon Proust was a frequent visitor, and Proust's Mme Verdurin was inspired by Proust's Mme Verdurin. She welcomed him and Reynaldo Hahn to her château de Réveillon (the model for Mme Verdurin's La Raspelière) in summer 1894 and three weeks in 1895. This book was so sumptuous that it cost twice more than a book's size.

Proust's year was also devoted to a novel that was eventually published in 1952 and titled Jean Santeuil by his posthumous editors. Many of the In Search of Lost Time's unfinished work's key words, including the mystery of memory and the necessity of reflection, can be read in the first draft in Jean Santeuil; several of the In Search of Lost Time chapters can be found here. In stark contrast to the adornment with which the parents are painted in Proust's masterpiece, the portrait of the parents in Jean Santeuil is a harsh one. Proust gradually stopped working on Jean Santeuil after the poor reception of Les Plaisirs et les Jours, as well as internal difficulties with resolving the plot.

Proust began reading Thomas Carlyle, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and John Ruskin in 1895. He refined his interpretations of art and the role of the artist in society through this series. In addition, Tim Regained Proust's universal protagonist recalls translating Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies. The artist's job is to face the appearance of nature, deduce its essence, and retell or explain the art's essence. Ruskin's view of artistic creation was central to this theory, and Proust's work was so important to Proust that he claimed to know "by heart" several of Ruskin's books, including The Seven Lamps of Architecture, The Bible of Amiens, and Praeterita.

Proust attempted to translate two of Ruskin's scripts into French, but was hindered by an inadequate knowledge of English. Proust's translations were first revised by him and then polished by Proust, who later became Reynaldo Hahn, his English cousin's and sometime lover, Reynaldo Hahn. Proust responded with, "I don't pretend to speak English; I say to know Ruskin." In 1904, the Bible of Amiens, which Proust's extended introduction, was published in French. Both the translation and the introduction were well-reviewed; Henri Bergson called Proust's appearance "an important contribution to Ruskin's psychology" and received similar praise for the translation. Proust was already translating Ruskin's Sesame and Lilies, which he completed in June 1905, just before his mother's death, and then published in 1906. Saint-Simon, Montaigne, Stendhal, Flaubert, George Eliot, Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Leo Tolstoy have all agreed that Proust's most influential literary influences, as well as Ruskin, were discovered by literary historians and commentators.

Proust's rise as a writer in 1908 marked a pivotal year in his career as a writer. He appeared in various journals pastiches of other writers in the first year. Proust's imitation may have helped solidify his own style. In addition, Proust began writing on several other pieces of writing that would later appear under the working title Contre Sainte-Beuve. In a letter to a friend, Proust outlined his attempts: "I have in progress: a research on tombstones, a dissertation on the novel, an essay about Sainte-Beuve and Flaubert, an essay on women, an essay on pederasty, a book on repression, and an essay on books.

Proust began to outline a book on which he worked tirelessly during this time. The rough outline of the story revolved around a first-person narrator who was unable to sleep, but who during the night recalls waiting for his mother to visit him in the morning. The novel was supposed to come to an end with a critical analysis of Sainte-Beuve and a refutation of his assertion that biographies was the most useful tool for understanding an artist's work. Several elements of Volume 1's "Combray" and "Swann in Love" sections, as well as the final section of Volume 7. Proust was forced to rework a much different project that still had many of the same themes and elements, due to his difficulty in finding a publisher and a gradually evolving interpretation of his book. He was still working on la recherche du temps perdu by 1910.

Personal life

Proust is known to have been homosexual, and his biographers often discuss his sexuality and intimate relationships with men. Although his housekeeper, Céleste Albaret, denies that this aspect of Proust's sexuality in his memoirs, Proust's denial contradicts those of many of his collaborators and contemporaries, including his fellow writer André Gide and his valet Ernest A. Forssgren.

Proust never openly confessed to his homosexuality, although his family and close friends were aware or worried about it. In 1897, he even battled a duel with writer Jean Lorrain, who openly challenged Proust's (Proust's) lover Lucien Daudet's (Proust's) relationship (both duellists survived). Despite Proust's public denial, his romantic relationship with composer Reynaldo Hahn, and his obsession with his chauffeur and secretary, Alfred Agostinelli, are all well documented. Proust was one of the men arrested by police in a raid on a male brothel owned by Albert Le Cuziat on the night of 11 January 1918. Proust's companion, poet Paul Morand, openly told Proust about his visits to male prostitutes. Morand writes in his journal, "constantly hunting, never satisfied by their experiences... immortal prowlers, insatiscent sexual adventurers."

Proust's sexuality in his writing is a point of contention. Nevertheless, In Search of Lost Time, Robert de Saint-Loup, Odette de Crécy, and Albertine Simonet explore the subject of homosexuality in a long, and many key figures are included, both male and female, including Baron de Charlus, Robert de Saint-Loup. In Les plaisirs et les jours and Jean Santeuil's unfinished book, homosexuality also appears as a theme.

Proust inherited a large part of his mother's political outlook, which was favoring the French Third Republic and nearing the French political center. Proust's 1892 book "L'Irrégation d'Etat" criticized radical anti-clerical steps such as monk expulsion, noting that "one may be surprised" that religion negates faith in its wake of fundamentalist mistrust, intolerance, and persecution as religion itself. He argued that socialism posed a greater threat to society than the Catholic Church. He was also critical of the right, chastising "the insanity of the conservatives," whom he described as "as ignorant and ungrateful as under Charles X" and referring to Pope Pius X's obstinacy as foolish. Proust was always opposed to bigoted and illiberal views propagated by several priests, but he believed that the most enlightened clerics could be just as progressive as the most enlightened secularists, and that both could help support "the modern liberal Republic." He approved Aristide Briand's more moderate position in 1906, which he described as "admirable."

Proust was one of the first Dreyfusans to attend Émile Zola's trial and proudly claiming to be the one who asked Anatole France to sign the petition in favor of Dreyfus's innocence. Proust protested nationalism and the Catholic Church's aspiration of civilized values in 1919, rejecting nationalalism and chauvinism in favour of a liberal pluralist vision that acknowledged Christianity's cultural heritage in France. Julien Benda lauded Proust in La Trahison des clercs as a writer who distinguished himself from his time by avoiding the twin traps of nationalism and class sectarianism.

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