Jean-Paul Marat

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Jean-Paul Marat (24 May 1743 – 13 July 1793) was a French political theorist, surgeon, and scholar.

During the French Revolution, he was a writer and politician.

He was a vocal defender of the sans-culottes and was seen as a modern voice.

He published his views in pamphlets, placards, and newspapers.

His chronological L'Ami du peuple (Friend of the People) gave him an unofficial affiliation with the radical Jacobin party that emerged in June 1793. His journalism was known for its ferocious tone, advocacy of basic human rights for the poorest members of society, and an uncompromising attitude toward the new leaders and institutions of the revolution.

He owes the September Massacres to him, but the collective mentality that made them possible resulted from circumstances, not from any one's will.

While taking a medicinal bath for his debilitating skin condition, Charlotte Corday, a Girondin sympathizer, assassinated Marat.

Corday was executed four days later for his assassination on July 1793. Marat became a pioneer martyr to the Jacobins in death.

In Jacques-Louis David's famous painting The Death of Marat, he is depicted.

Early life, education, and early writing

Jean-Paul Mara was born in Boudry, Prussian Principality Neuchâtel (now a canton of Switzerland), on May 24th, 1743. He was the first of five children born to Jean Mara (born Juan Salvador Mara; 1704–1783), a Sardinian of Spanish descent from Cagliari, and Louise Cabrol (1724–1782) from Geneva. His father spent time in Spain and Sardinia before becoming a Mercedarian monk in 1720, but at some point broke the order and converted to Calvinism, and in 1740, he immigrated to Geneva, Switzerland. Louis Cabrol, a French terruguedoc native and Genevan citizen before 1723, and his mother, Pauline-Catherine Molinier, had Huguenot roots from both sides of her family. Jean Mara and Louise Cabrol married in Le Petit-Saconnex, a neighborhood of Geneva, on 19 March 1741. David Mara, one of Marat's brothers, was a professor at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum in the Russian Empire, where he had Alexander Pushkin as his pupil.

Marat's family lived in modest circumstances because his father was well educated but unable to find a stable occupation. Marat attributes his father's for instilling in him a love of learning. He said he was "very fortunate" to have received a thorough education in his paternal home. He claims to have been taught a strong sense of morality and social responsibility from his mother. Marat left home at the age of 16, deciding to study in France. He was aware of the little opportunities for those seen as strangers in the case, as his highly educated father had been refused teaching positions for several colleges (secondary) universities. In 1754, his family moved to Neuchâtel, the Principality's capital, where Marat's father began working as a tutor.

Marat received his early education in Neuchâtel, France, and Jean-Élie Bertrand, a student who later founded the Société typographique de Neuchâtel, was among the students. At 17 years old, he applied for Jean-Baptiste Chappe d'Auteroche's expedition to Tobolsk to study the transit of Venus. But was turned down. He began in Bordeaux with the wealthy Nairac family, where he lived for two years. He then migrated to Paris and studied medicine without having obtained any formal education. Jean-Paul Mara francized his surname as "Marat" after heading to France. After heading to London in 1765 due to a fear of being "drawn into dissipation," he served as a doctor informally. Although he was there, he befriended Queen Academician artist Angelica Kauffman. His social circle included Italian artists and architects who dined in coffee houses around Soho. He was incredibly gifted, but without money or experience, he started putting himself into the intellectual arena.

Around 1770, Marat moved to Newcastle upon Tyne. Chains of Slavery (1774), the disenfranchised MP and later Mayor of London John Wilkes' first political work, was most likely assembled in the central library. By Marat's own account, he slept two hours a night while making it, and after finishing it he slept well for 13 days in a row. "A work in which the clandestine and villainous attempts of Princes to seize Liberty is outlined is highlighted," he introduced, as well as the gruesome scenes of Despotism. Marat criticized portions of England's constitution that he considered to be corrupt or despotic in his research. He condemned the King's ability to manipulate Parliament by bribery and attacked voting rights. Chains of Slavery's political ideology take inspiration from Jean-Jacques Rousseau's argument that the nation's clout is more appropriate to the common people rather than a monarch. He also claims that the people demonstrate their power by representatives who are unable to pass legislation without the consent of the people they represent. Berwick-upon-Tweed, Carlisle, and Newcastle's patriotic societies were rewarded for his service. A copy of the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society Library is on display,, and the Tyne and Wear Archives Service holds three copies of the various Newcastle guilds.

In 1773, Marat published "A Philosophical Essay on Man" and "Chains of Slavery," as well as "Chains of Slavery" in 1774. Voltaire's sharp analysis of "De Homme" (an augmented translation, published 1775–76), partially in support of his protégé Helvétius's growing sense of a gulf between the two philosophers, who were tightly grouped around Voltaire on one hand and their opponents on the other, surrounded by Rousseau on the other.

He obtained medical referees for an MD from the University of St Andrews in June 1775 after a published essay on curing a friend of gleets (gonorrhoea).

On his return to London, he published Enquiry into the onset, origins, and cure of a Singular Disease of the Eyes. After stopping in Geneva to visit his family in 1776, Marat returned to Paris to visit his relatives.

His growing fame as a highly skilled doctor, as well as the patronage of a couple of his patients, led to his appointment as physician to the Comte d'Artois, Louis XVI's youngest brother, who was to become king Charles XVI in 1824. He began working in June 1777. An eight-year old wage was paid.

In the early French Revolution

For the first time in 175 years, the Assembly of Notables advised Louis XVI to assemble the Estates-General. He had been mortally ill in the second half of 1788, according to Marat. After hearing the King's call to the Estates General, he explains that the "news had a positive influence on me; my illness immediately broke and my spirits were revived." He wished to contribute his findings to the forthcoming events and then resigned from his career as a scientist and surgeon, but he took up his pen on behalf of the Third Estate.

Marat's first contribution to the Revolution, called Offrande à la Patrie (Offering to the Country), touched on several of the same topics as Abbé Sieyès' classic "Qu'est-ce que le Tiers État?" (What is the Third Estate?) Marat claimed that this work caused a sensation in France, but he certainly exaggerated its effect because the pamphlet mostly echoed concepts present in many other pamphlets and cahiers in circulation at the time. This was followed by a "Supplément de l'Offrande" in March, where he was less hopeful about the King's Lettres Royales of January 24. He published La Constitution, ou Projet de déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen, in August 1789, intending to influence the text of France's new constitution, which is also discussed in the National Assembly. He bases his assertions on Montesquieu and Rousseau's work, arguing that the nation's sovereignty rests with the people and stressing the importance of a separation of powers. He favors a constitutional monarchy, believing that a republic is ineffective in major nations. The National Assembly gave no reaction to Marat's work.

The people of Paris attacked the Hotel des Invalides and the Bastille on July 14th, three days after Louis XVI dismissed Jacques Necker as his financial advisor, sparking the first rebellion of the French Revolution. Marat was not directly involved in the Bastille War, but he sought to glorify his position that day by claiming to have intercepted a group of German soldiers on Pont Neuf. These soldiers were attempting to stymie the rebellion in its infancy, according to him, and he had successfully persuaded a crowd to order the soldiers to hand over their arms. If or not this event took place, it is unclear, as there are no other confirmed sources that confirm Marat's account.

Marat founded Publiciste parisien in 1789, before converting the newspaper to L'Ami du peuple four days later ("The People's friend"). 19 From this position, he has often attacked Paris's most influential and influential groups as conspirators against the Revolution, including the Commune, the Constituent Assembly, ministers, and the Châtelet. He moved to the radical Cordeliers section, then under the leadership of the lawyer Danton, was nearly arrested for his attacks on Jacques Necker, Louis XVI's popular Finance Minister, and was forced to leave London in January 1790. In May, he returned to Paris to continue publishing L'Ami du peuple and also ran Le Junius français, the French polemicist Junius. Marat, 73-76, was confronted with the challenge of counterfeiters selling false copies of L'Ami du peuple. This led him to call for police intervention, which resulted in the suppression of the fraudulent accusations, leaving Marat as the sole author of L'Ami du peuple.

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Marat continued to assault the more radical revolutionaries during this period. "C'en est fait de nous," a pamphlet from 1976 that reads "We're done for!" "five or six hundred heads cut off will have guaranteed your repose, liberty, and happiness," he warned against counter-revolutionaries, who warned against counter-revolutionaries.

Marat was often coerced into hiding, often in the Paris sewers, where he arguably exacerbated his chronic skin disease (possibly dermatitis hereditaria). Simone Evrard, 26, was married in 1792 in a common-law ceremony on his return from exile in London, having previously expressed his admiration for her. She was Jean-Antoine Corne's uncle-in-law and had lent him money and sheltered him on several occasions.

Marat was only active on the 10th of August's rebellion, when the Tuileries Palace was engulfed and the royal family was forced to hide within the Legislative Assembly. The Brunswick Manifesto, which called for the demise of the Revolution and ignited widespread outrage in Paris, was the catalyst for this revolt.

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