Isaac Stevens

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Isaac Ingalls Stevens (1818-1918 – September 1, 1862) was an American career Army officer and politician who served as governor of Washington from 1853 to 1857, then as its delegate to the United States House of Representatives from 1853 to 1861.

During the American Civil War, he commanded several Union commands.

He was killed at Battle of Chantilly while leading his troops and carrying the fallen colours of one of his regiments against Confederate positions.

Stevens was being considered for appointment to command the Army of Virginia at the time of his death by President Abraham Lincoln, according to one source.

He was posthumously promoted to the rank of Major General.

Several schools, towns, counties, and lakes have been named in his honor. Stevens, a giant who stood just 5.25 ft (1.60 m) tall, survived a difficult childhood and personal tragedies to graduate at the top of his class at West Point before embarking on a fruitful military career.

He was both praised and condemned as governor of the Washington Territory, where he was both praised and condemned.

One scholar characterized him as more reflective and investigation than nearly all of the territory's 19th-century past combined.

Stevens' marathon diplomacy with Native American tribes in Washington attempted to prevent military conflict in Washington; yet, when the Yakima War broke out as Native Americans refused European encroachment, he vigorously prosecuted it.

His decision to rule by martial law, prison judges who opposed him, and build a de facto personal army resulted in his jail term for contempt of court, which he famously pardoned himself, as well as a President of the United States' rebuke.

Nonetheless, his allies and historians applauded his uncompromising resolve in the face of disaster. Hazard Stevens, the son of the Battle of Suffolk and one of the first men to scale Mount Rainier, was Isaac Stevens.

Early life and education

Isaac Stevens was born in North Andover, Massachusetts, to Isaac Stevens and Hannah Stevens (née Cummings), a descendant of early Puritan settlers from a wealthy family lineage that had produced several notable clergy and military figures. He was known for his intelligence, particularly his mathematical acuity as a young man. He was 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m) tall in adulthood, and his diminutive height has been attributed to a potential congenital gland dysfunction.

Stevens recalled his father, who historian Kent Richards characterized as a "stern taskmaster" whose unrelently demands on his son drove the young man to his breaking point. Stevens was almost death of sunstroke while on the family farm. Stevens' mother died in a carriage accident, his widowed father married a woman whom Stevens loathed. Stevens says he came close to experiencing a mental breakdown in his youth.

Stevens graduated from the male prep school Phillips Academy in 1833 and was accepted into the United States Military Academy at West Point. He was ranked at the top of his class in 1839.

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Career

During the Mexican–American War, Stevens was the adjutant of the Corps of Engineers, and he was seen in action at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo, Contreras, and Churubusco. He attracted the attention of his superiors, who rewarded him with the brevet rank of captain in the upcoming war. At the Battle of Chapultepec, he was cited and breveted for gallantry, this time to the rank of major. Stevens was deployed in combat at Molino del Rey and the Battle for Mexico City, where he was seriously wounded. With Notes of Major Ripley's Latest Work (New York, 1851) he later wrote a book on his travels, Campaigns of the Rio Grande and Mexico.

He planned fortifications on the New England coast from 1841 to 1849. He was given the command of the coast survey office in Washington, D.C., and spent in that capacity until March 1853.

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