Grigory Yavlinsky

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Grigory Alexeyevich Yavlinsky (born 10 April 1952) is a Russian economist and politician. He is best known as the initiator of the 500 Days Program, a scheme to restore the Soviet regime to a free-market economy, as well as his leadership of the social-liberal Yabloko party.

He ran twice for Russia's presidency, placing fourth with 7.3% of the vote in 1996 against Boris Yeltsin, finishing fourth with 7.5 percent of the vote; and in 2000, against Vladimir Putin, finishing third with 5.8%.

Since his party failed to reach the 5% threshold in the 2003 Duma elections, he did not run in 2004 or 2008.

Despite receiving 2 million signatures of Russian citizens for his candidacy in 2012, as was required by law, he was refused to run for president by Russian authorities.

Yavlinsky, Yabloko's nominee for President of Russia in the 2018 presidential race, received a Ph.D. in economics from the Central Economic Mathematical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; his doctoral dissertation was entitled "The socioeconomic system of Russia and the challenge of its modernization." He is a professor at the National Research University Higher School of Economics.

Yavlinsky speaks Russian, Ukrainian, and English.

Personal life

When studying at the Plekhanov Institute, Yavlinsky met his wife, Yelena, and the pair had two children. Mikhail's son was born in 1971 and now works for the BBC Russian Service in London. Aleksey, the family's other son, was born in 1981 and works as a computer programmer in Moscow.

A recent interview revealed that during Russia's turbulent times in the 1990s, Yavlinsky's opponents kidnapped his 23-year-old piano-playing son, cut off and delivered to him. He refused to reveal who he suspects was behind the attack, saying he "was getting identical letters" prior to the incident.

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Early life and career

Yavlinsky was born in Lviv, Ukraine, to Jewish parents. Aleksei Yavlinsky, the son of an officer, and his mother, Vera Naumovna, a chemistry teacher at an institute. Both his parents are buried in Lviv, while his brother Mikhail is also buried there. He is related to Natan Yavlinsky, the nuclear physicist who invented tokamak.

He was the champion of the Ukrainian SSR in junior boxing in 1967 and 1968. During his school years, he decided to become an economist. He studied at the Plekhanov Institute of the National Economy in Moscow from 1967 to 1976 as a labour economist and attended a post-graduate course. He worked in the coal industry as a candidate of economics. He was employed by the All-Soviet Union Coal Mines Department Research Institute after completing his postgraduate studies. His job was to develop new united work instructions for the coal industry. He was the first person in the USSR to complete this assignment. He had to go through the mines to do his duties. When the mine collapsed, one of his shifts almost ended tragically for him. He spent ten hours waist-deep in ice-cold water, patiently, as he waited for assistance. After his rescue, three of his fellow patients died in hospital. Yavlinsky worked in this industry for four years. He saw the world hidden behind the propaganda posters. He wrote about the difficult conditions in which the coal miners lived and worked, but that had no effect.

Yavlinsky was appointed to the USSR State Committee for Labour and Social Affairs in 1980, in charge of the heavy industry sector. He began to design a scheme aimed at strengthening the USSR labour market. He suggested two specific ways to improve the effectiveness of the system: either establish absolute control over every move of every worker in the country or, alternatively, allow enterprises more autonomy. Yury Batalin, the head of the State Committee for Labour, was unpopular with his report on the scheme. The KGB confiscated 600 draft copies of Yavlinsky's book and interrogated him numerous times. The KGB left Yavlinsky alone when Brezhnev died in 1982. However, he had to stop working because he had been diagnosed with tuberculosis and taken to a closed medical facility for nine months. The drafts of his book were smuggish alongside his other personal possessions.

He served as a manager in the Labour Ministry and then as a member of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union from 1984 to 2005. He had to join the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, of which he was a member from 1985-1991. He was the head of the USSR's Joint Economic Department. He was appointed department head of the Statement Commission for Economic Reforms, led by Academician Leonid Abalkin in 1989.

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