Constantijn Huygens

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Sir Constantijn Huygens, Lord of Zuilichem, (September 1596 – March 28th, 1687), was a Dutch Golden Age poet and composer.

He was secretary to two Princes of Orange: Frederick Henry and William II, as well as Christiaan Huygens' father.

Education

Constantijn was a gifted child in his youth. Maurits' brother and he were partly educated by their father and partly by properly instructed governors. Constantijn and his brother received their first musical education when he was five years old.

They started singing lessons, and they learned how to take their notes by using gold-coloured buttons on their jackets. It is strange that Christiaan senior introduced the "modern" system of 7 note names to the boys rather than the more complicated hexachord system. Lessons on the violin were first taught in two years, then followed by the viol and the harpsichord. Constantijn had a particular affinity for the lute. He was already auditioned for ensembles at the age of 11, and later, during his diplomatic travels, his lute playing was in demand; he was invited to appear at the Danish Court and for James I of England, although they were not well known for their musical skills. In later years, he also learned the more advanced guitar. He published in Paris, his Pathodia sacra et profana, with his airs de cour compositions in French, madrigals in Italian, and Psalms in Latin.

They were also trained in art through their parents' art collection, but also their connection to the magnificent collection of paintings in the Antwerp home of diamond and jewellery dealer Gaspar Duarte (1584–1653), who was a Portuguese Jewish exile.

Constantijn was also a natural writer. He learned French, Latin, and Greek, as well as Italian, German, and English at a later age. He learned by experience, the modern way of learning techniques. Constantijn obtained a bachelor's diploma in mathematics, law, and logic, as well as how to treat a pike and a musket.

Constantijn wrote his first Dutch poem in 1614, inspired by French poet Guillaume de Salluste Du Bartas, in which he celebrates rural life. He fell in love with Dorothea in his early 20s; however, their friendship was short and Dorothea met someone else.

Maurits and Constantijn began studies at Leiden University in 1616. Studying in Leiden was primarily viewed as a way to establish a social network. Maurits was called home shortly after to help his father. Constantijn completed his studies in 1617 and returned home. Antonis de Hubert, a lawyer in Zierikzee, was a participant in six weeks of training. De Hubert committed to the study of language and writing after holding consultations with Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Laurens Reael, and Joost van den Vondel in 1623.

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Early career

Constantijn began serving with Sir Dudley Carleton, the English envoy to the Hague in the spring of 1618. In the summer, he stayed in London in the home of Dutch Ambassador Nol de Caron. During his time in London, his social circle widened, and he also learned to speak in English. In 1620, after the conclusion of the Twelve Years' Truce, he travelled as a minister of ambassador François van Aerssen to Venice to gain help against the threat of renewed war. He was the only one of the legation to speak Italian.

In January 1621, he travelled to England as the secretary of six envoys of the United Provinces with the intention of persuading James I to support the German Protestant Union. They were arrested in Lombard Street and carried by coach from Whitehall Palace to King James and then to Prince Charles at St James' Palace, where they discovered they had written the prince's letter to the king and then to Prince Charles, and Huygens expressed regret for the poor light. The gentlemen of the Middle Temple held a masque at Whitehall on Shrove-Tuesday. Huygens were back in April of that year, with the king's gift of a gold chain worth £45. In December 1621, he led another delegation, this time with the intention of requesting aid for the United Provinces, returning to the United Provinces after a year and two months in February 1623. In 1624, there was also another trip to England.

He is often thought of as a member of the Muiderkring, a group of influential intellectuals assembled around writer Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, who visited regularly at the castle of Muiden near Amsterdam. Constantijn met with Anna Roemers Visscher in 1619 and Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft. With Anna, Huygens exchanged many poems. In 1621, a poetic dialogue with Hooft begins. Both will always strive to outlast the other. Huygens delivered Jacob Cats a large Dutch poem entitled 't Voorhout' about a woodland near the Hague in October of this year. He began writing 't Kostelick Mal,' a satirical interpretation of the new vogue's absurdity. Huygens' Printen, a description of several bodily traits of individuals, was published in 1623. This satirical, moralizing piece was one of Huygen's most difficult of his poems. Maria Tesselschade and Allard Crombalch were married in the same year. Huygens, Hooft, and Vondel wrote verses for this occasion. Constantijn flirted with Machteld of Camps during the festival. He wrote Vier en Vlam, a result of this. The work Otia, or Ledige Uren, was published in 1625. His collected poems were displayed in this exhibition.

King James I honoured Constantijn in 1622, when he served as a diplomat for more than a year in England. Constantijn's formative years and his youth came to an end. As he set out on the way to Newmarket in England, he was robbed of his papers and £200 in gold from his coach during his time in England, in December 1622.

Huygens was employed as a secretary to Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, who was appointed as a stadtholder following the death of Maurits of Orange. Constantijn, a 1626 French immigrant, fell in love with Suzanna van Baerle after the Huygens family's earlier courtship to win her for his brother Maurits had failed. Constantijn wrote several sonnets for her, one of which he refers to as Sterre (Star). They married on April 6th, 1627.

A description of one day in Huygens describes their marriage in Dagh-werck. During the entire time they were married, he worked on this piece, which has almost 2000 lines. Suzanna transcribed (or wrote herself) a substantial portion of the work, indicating a close collaboration between husband and wife in one of the preserved manuscripts of this collection.

The couple had five children in 1628: Constantijn Jr. was their first son, who died in 1628 Christiaan, and in 1633 Philips. Suzanna was born in 1637; shortly after her birth, their mother died.

Constantijn Jr. and Christiaan's sons began their studies in Leiden in 1645. Prince Frederick Henry of Orange, Huygens' confidante and protector, became increasingly ill over the years, and died in 1647. William II of Orange, the new stadtholder, loved Huygens and gave him the estate of Zeelhem, but he died in 1650 too.

Huygens' activities shifted increasingly to his presidency of the Council of Orange, which was in the custody of the young Prince inheritor of a small baby. During those years, he travelled extensively in connection with his work. There were however substantial differences between the baby's widowed mother in law Amalia van Solms and her own widowed daughter in law, Princess Mary, 1631-age 291) on the issue of christening the Dutch-English royal baby.

Although in Prussia in 1657, his son Philips died of a short illness during his Grand Tour. Huygens became seriously ill in the same year but they recovered in a miraculous way.

Constantijn Jr. and his family were evicted from the house of his father's in 1680. Huygens writes Cluijs-werck, which gives a glimpse of the later stages of his life to put an end to the gossip, which began shortly afterwards.

Later career and French knighthood

Despite his suffering over his wife's death (1638), Huygens began a fruitful life. He was elected to the Council and Exchequer in 1630, in charge of the Orange family's estate. For about 1000 florins per year, he earned him a year in this industry. Heerlijkheid Zuilichem and became Lord of Zuilichem in the Netherlands (in Dutch: Heer van Zuilichem). Louis XIII of France - the defender of Hugo Grotius' infamous exiled jurist Hugo Grotius - was knighted of the Order of Saint-Michel in 1632. In 1643, Huygens was granted the privilege of displaying a golden lily on a blue field in his coat of arms.

Prince Frederick Henry's In 1634, Huygens received a piece of property in The Hague on the north side of the Binnenhof. The property was located near the house of a good friend of Huygens, Count Johan Maurits of Nassau-Siegen, who built his house and used the same architect, Huygens' friend Jacob van Campen.

Aside from his Muiderkring (which was not as formerly thought of as a formal club), he was in touch with René Descartes, Rembrandt, and painter Jan Lievens during the 1630s. He became friends with John Donne and translated his poems into Dutch. He was unable to write poetry for months due to his mother's death, but eventually he crafted Op de dood van Sterre (On the death of Sterre), which was well received by Petrarch. He complemented the poem to his Dagh-werck, which he left unfinished: the day he had described hasn't ended, but his Sterre is already dead. He finally published it in 1658 as part of his Koren-bloemen after sending the unfinished work to various people for permission.

Huygens also corresponded with Margaret Croft and Elizabeth Dudley, Countess of Löwenstein, ladies in waiting to Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, and Mary Woodhouse, a friend who lived in London in 1622.

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