Bret Harte

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Bret Harte (born Francis Brett Harte; 1836-1922), nicknamed '"British Short-story Writer and Poet's best known as a California Gold Rush short story writer and poet, best known for his short story starring miners, gamblers, and other romantic figures of the California Gold Rush.

He wrote poetry, plays, lectures, book reviews, editorial, and magazine sketches in lieu of fiction in a career spanning more than four decades.

As he moved from California to Europe, he incorporated new topics and characters into his stories, but his Gold Rush stories were the most commonly reprinted, adapted, and admired.

Early life

Harte was born in Albany, New York, in 1836. Francis Brett, his great-grandfather, was named after him. When he was young, Henry Harte changed the spelling of the family name from Hart to Harte. Bernard Hart, an Orthodox Jewish immigrant who prospered as a merchant, became one of the New York Stock Exchange's founders. Later, Francis preferred to be identified by his middle name, but he spelled it with just one "t," becoming Bret Harte. Harte descended from prominent New York landowner Francis Rombouts and was of French Huguenot and Dutch descent.

Harte, a voracious reader as a boy, published his first piece, "Autumn Musings," at age 11. The poem rather than elicit praise, his family ridiculed it. "They ridicule to me that I wonder that I ever wrote another line of verse as an adult," he recalled as an adult.

In 1849, his formal education ended when he was 13, but 1849, it was complete.

Harte came to California in 1853 and later served in a variety of capacities, including miner, tutor, reporter, and journalist; he also served as the San Francisco Mint's secretary. He lived in Union, a northern California coastal town established as a provisioning center for mining camps in the interior.

Harte accepted Wells Fargo & Co. Express as a messenger after an unsuccessful attempt to make a living in the gold camps. For a few months, he guarded treasure boxes on stagecoaches before giving it up to become the schoolmaster at a school near the town of Sonora, California foothills. Yuba Bill was born from his memories of an old stagecoach driver.

Harte's first literary ventures included a poem published in The Golden Age in 1857 and his first prose piece on "A Trip Up the Coast" in October of the same year. In the spring of 1860, he was recruited as editor of The Golden Era, which he attempted to turn into a more literary journal. Harte later recalled that, as an editor, he struck "a new and fresh note" that "rose above that orchestra's mumbling confusion and became apparent as music." Among his writings were parodies and satires of other writers, including the ace detective "Hemlock Jones," which Ellery Queen described as "probably the best parody of Sherlock Holmes ever written." In 1867, these parodies were reissued in book form.

Harte in San Francisco and New York announced the 1860 massacre of between 80 and 200 Wiyot Indians at the village of Tuluwat (near Eureka in Humboldt County, California). Harte was left in charge of the newspaper during his editor's maternity leave, Stephen G. Whipple. "A" more shocking and revolting sight never was shown to the eyes of a Christian and civilized person," Harte wrote in a lengthy review of the slayings. Older women with wrinkled and squashed blood, their brains spit out, and dabbled with their long black hair. Infants are only a few months old, with their faces covered in hatchets and their bodies ghastically with wounds."

Harte's life was in jeopardy after he published the newspaper, and he was forced to leave a month later. Harte left his job and moved to San Francisco, where an anonymous letter describing widespread community support for the massacre was distributed in a city newspaper. In addition,, no one was ever brought to court, amid the facts of a planned assault and the mentioning of names of Larabee and other members of the Humboldt Volunteers, including a rancher named Larabee and other members of the Unofficial militia.

Anna Griswold married Harte in San Rafael, California, on August 11, 1862. The marriage was rocky right from the start. Some believed she was handicapped by extreme jealousy, while early Harte biographer Henry C. Merwin privately stated that she was "almost impossible to live with."

Thomas Starr King, the well-known minister, recommended Harte to James T. Fields, editor of the prestigious magazine The Atlantic Monthly, which published Harte's first short story in October 1863. Harte and Charles Henry Webb joined Charles Henry Webb in 1864 to begin The Californian, a new literary journal. Ina Coolbrith, a mentor and writer, became mates.

Harte was requested by bookbar Anton Roman in 1865 to edit a book of California poetry; it was to be a showcase of the best California writers. Just 19 poets were included in the book, many of whom were Harte's colleagues (including Ina Coolbrith and Charles Warren Stoddard). Harte used the preface to criticize California's literature, blaming the state's "monotonous climate" for its poor poetry. Although the book was highly praised in the East, many newspapers and writers in the West expressed skepticism over his remarks.

Harte became editor of The Overland Monthly, another new literary magazine published by Roman Anton with the intention of highlighting local writings. The Overland Monthly was more in tune with California's pioneering spirit of excitement. In the magazine's second issue, Harte's short story "The Luck of Roaring Camp" appeared, boosting him to international and European prominence.

As word of Charles Dickens' death reached Harte in July 1870, he immediately sent a dispatch across the bay to San Francisco to await the Overland Monthly's forthcoming issue for 24 hours so he could write the poetic tribute "Dickens in Camp."

Harte's fame has increased with the publication of his satirical poem "Plain Word from Truthful James" in the Overland Monthly's September 1870 issue. Since being published in a Boston newspaper in 1871, the poem's alternate title "The Heathen Chinee" became more popular. It was also published in a number of other newspapers and journals, including the New York Evening News, the Boston Evening Transcript, the Providence Journal, Prairie Farmer, and the Saturday Evening Post. Harte was chastised, but to learn that the poem, which he had written to condemn the widespread of anti-Chinese sentiment among California's white population, was largely the result of it being taken literally by the very people he had mocked, who had completely misconstrued Harte's words.

Harte continued to write, travelled from New York to Boston in 1871, then to New York and eventually to Boston, where he worked with The Atlantic Monthly's publisher for a $10,000 per year, "an unprecedented sum at the time." His fame waned, but by the end of 1872, he was without a publishing deal and became increasingly homeless. He spent the next few years struggling to publish new work or republish old, as well as giving lectures on the gold rush. Harte and his family's winter was particularly difficult. "I don't know—looking back—what ever stopped me from going down during the horrible December and January," he later described it as a "hand-to-mouth affair."

Bret Harte rented The Willows, a Morristown, New Jersey mansion then owned by Union general and author Joseph Warren Revere, sometime between 1872 and 1881. Harte's stay in Morristown inspired him to write Thankful Blossom, an 1877 historical romance book.

Harte accepted the post of United States Consul in Krefeld, Germany, in May 1878, after months of begging for such a position. Prior to Harte's death, Mark Twain had been a friend and supporter, and he'd previously attempted to prevent Harte's from attending any appointment. He wrote a letter to William Dean Howells expressing his displeasure with Harte's visit to the United States because, "Harte is a thief, a snob, a sponge, a coward, a Jeremy Diddler, a brimful of treachery, and a thief, a snob, a snob, a coward, a a a a a a a a a a ap, ah a [Harte, a he writes, a a a a a a a a a a a a coward, a coward, a coward, a coward, a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a rob, a coward, a a a snotetetetetetete, a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a he a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a he is a a he is a a a a a a coward, a a a he a a a he is a a a he is a a a he is a a he is a a a a a he is a a a a a a he is a a he is a a he is a a a he is a a he is a he is a a a rob, a a he is a a he is a he is a he is a a a a coward, a he is a a a he is a he is a he is a a he is a a he is he is a he is a he is a a he is a he is a a he is a a a he is a a he is a a a a he is a a he is a a a a rob, a a rob, a a he is a a a coward, a he is a a a a a a a a he is a a he is a a a a a he he is a a he is a he is a a a a a he is a a a he a he is a a a a he is a a a he is a a a he is a thietedrob, heb, a heb, he is a coward, he is b, a rob, a heb, heb, a b, a coward, a a a b, a heb" a he a b" a a a a heb'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'snob'sno'sn'sno'sno a he'sno'sn'sn'sn'sn'sno'sno a a coward, a coward, a a coward'sn'snob'sno'sn'sno'sno'sn Harte was given a similar role in Glasgow in 1880. He came from London in 1885 and died there. Throughout his time in Europe, he regularly wrote to his wife and children and asked for monthly financial contributions. He declined to invite them to join him, but he did not return to the United States to visit them. His excuses were usually linked to money. He never stopped writing and maintained a steady flow of stories that kept the freshness of his earlier fiction throughout the 24 years he spent in Europe.

He died of throat cancer in Camberley, England, in 1902, and is buried at Frimley. Anna (née Griswold) Harte's wife died on August 2, 1920. The couple married for just 16 years after being married for the first time.

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Career in California

Harte immigrated to California in 1853 and spent time in a variety of roles, including miner, tutor, and journalist; he was also San Francisco Mint's secretary. He lived part of his life in Union, California's northwest town, where the Humboldt Bay pact was established as a provisioning center for mining camps in the interior.

Harte has been a messenger with Wells Fargo & Co. Express after an unsuccessful attempt to make a living in the gold camps. He guarded treasure boxes on stagecoaches for a few months but then gave it to a school near Sonora, in the Sierra foothills. Yuba Bill was born from his memory of an old stagecoach driver.

Harte's first literary work was a poem published in The Golden Age in 1857, and "A Trip Up the Coast" was his first prose piece in October of the same year. In the spring of 1860, he was hired as editor of The Golden Era, which he sought to make into a more literary journal. Harte's "new and fresh and spirited note" as an editor, "rose above the orchestra's mumbling confusion and was immediately identifiable as music," Mark Twain recalled later. Parodies and satires of other writers, including The Stolen Cigar-Case, a ace detective who starred in "The Best Parody of Sherlock Holmes ever written," Ellery Queen praised as "probably the best parody of Sherlock Holmes ever written." In 1867, these parodies were reissued in book form.

Harte in San Francisco and New York announced the 1860 massacre of between 80 and 200 Wiyot Indians at the village of Tuluwat (near Eureka in Humboldt County, California). Harte was left in charge of the paper during his temporary absence of his boss, Stephen G. Whipple, when he was serving as assistant editor of the Northern Californian. Harte wrote a lengthy review of the slayings, saying: "A] more shocking and revolting spectacle never was presented to the eyes of a Christian and civilized person." Older women lay in dewicheling, bloody, their brains spit out, and their long black hair fell. Infants are barely a span of time, with their faces swollen with hatchets and bodies ghastically with wounds."

Harte's life was in jeopardy after he's published the paper, and he was forced to leave one month later. Harte resigned from his position and moved to San Francisco, where an anonymous letter describing widespread community acceptance of the tragedy was given. Despite the traces of a planned assault and a number of individuals, including a rancher named Larabee and other members of the unofficial Humboldt Volunteers, no one was ever brought to trial.

In San Rafael, California, Harte married Anna Griswold on August 11, 1862. The marriage was difficult right from the start. Some believed she was handicapped by extreme jealousy, while early Harte biographer Henry C. Merwin privately admitted that she was "almost impossible to live with."

Harte was recommended by Thomas Starr King, the editor of the prestigious magazine The Atlantic Monthly, who published Harte's first short story in October 1863. Harte founded The Californian in 1864, along with Charles Henry Webb in the founding of a new literary journal. Ina Coolbrith, a mentor and writer, became friends with him.

Harte was asked by bookseller Anton Roman to edit a book of California poetry in 1865; it was to be a showcase of the best California writers. Outcroppings, a book published in 19 poets, many of whom were Harte's acquaintances (including Ina Coolbrith and Charles Warren Stoddard), were among the authors included in the book. The book sparked some controversy as Harte used the preface to defame California's literature, blaming the state's "monotonous climate" for its poor poetry. Though the book was widely distributed in the East, several journals and writers in the West expressed outrage at his writings.

Harte became editor of The Overland Monthly, another new literary journal launched by Roman Anton with the intention of highlighting local writers. The Overland Monthly was more in tune with California's pioneering spirit of excitement. In the magazine's second issue, Harte's short story "The Luck of Roaring Camp" made him gain notoriety throughout Europe and Europe.

When word of Charles Dickens' death reached Harte in July 1870, he immediately sent a dispatch across the bay to San Francisco to delay the upcoming issue of the Overland Monthly for 24 hours so that he could write the poetic tribute "Dickens in Camp."

Harte's fame has soared with the publication of his satirical poem "Plain Language from Truthful James" in the Overland Monthly's September 1870 issue. After being republished in a Boston newspaper in 1871, the poem was better known by its new name, "The Heathen Chinee." It was also republished in a number of other newspapers and journals, including the New York Evening Tribune, the Boston Evening Transcript, the Providence Journal, Prairie Farmer, and the Saturday Evening Post. Harte was disappointed to learn that the poem, which he had written to protest the widespread of anti-Chinese sentiment among California's white population, was largely the result of the fact that the very people he had mocked were completely misconstrued Harte's words.

Harte and his family migrated east to New York in 1871 and then to Boston, where he worked with The Atlantic Monthly for $10,000, "an unprecedented sum at the time." His fame waned, but by the end of 1872, he was without a publishing deal and was becoming more dependent. He spent the next few years trying to publish new work or republish old, as well as giving lectures on the gold rush. Harte and his family's winter of 1877-1978 was particularly difficult. He later described it as a "hand-to-mouth" and wrote to his wife Anna, "I don't know—looking back—what ever prevented me from going down during those difficult December and January" that was beyond reproving.

Bret Harte rented The Willows, a Morristown, New Jersey mansion then owned by Union general and author Joseph Warren Revere, between 1872 and 1881. Harte's stay in Morristown inspired him to write Thankful Blossom, an 1877 historical romance book.

Harte accepted the position of United States Consul in Krefeld, Germany, in May 1878, after months of screaming for such a position. Mark Twain had been a mentor and promoter of Harte's until his death, and he'd previously attempted to prevent Harte's appointment. He wrote to William Dean Howells that Harte will be an embarrassment to the United States because, as he wrote, "Harte is a liar, a snob, a sponge, a coward, a coward, a Jeremy Diddler, a brim full of treachery... To send this nefarious creature to puke upon the American name in a foreign land is too much." Harte would have played a similar role in Glasgow in 1880. He arrived in London in 1885 and died there. Throughout his time in Europe, he regularly wrote to his wife and children and sent monthly financial support. He declined to welcome them to join him, nor did he return to the United States to visit them. His excuses were often related to money. He never stopped writing and maintained a prodigious output of stories that retained the freshness of his earlier fiction during the 24 years he lived in Europe.

He died of throat cancer in Camberley, England, and is buried at Frimley. Anna (née Griswold) Harte, his wife, died on August 2, 1920. The couple married together for 16 years after being married for the first time.

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