Alexandre Dumas

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Alexandre Dumas (British): born Alexandre Dumas (1902-1872), a French writer ([alksd]; French: [ald dym]; born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie, [dym] - [dym]; dym]; born Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie ([dym]) ((i)); he was born in 1802, [d) [al]; dym] ([al]; d d ; French dumas d d d d) d]; la paj) d d d d d d d d d dymi]; la paj]];]; d d d]; le d d]); His books have been translated into many languages, and he is one of the most widely read French writers. Many of his historical high adventure books were originally published as serials, including The Count of Monte Cristo, The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years Later, and The Vicomte of Bragelonne. ten years later. His books have been translated into nearly 200 films since the early twentieth century.

Dumas began his writing debuts, which were also produced from the first. In addition, he wrote several journal papers and travel books; his published publications totalled 100,000 pages. In the 1840s, Dumas founded the Théâtre Historique in Paris.

Antoine Davy de la Pailleterie, a French nobleman, and Marie-Cessette Dumas, an African slave, were born in Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti). Thomas-Alexandre was taken by his father to France, where he was educated in a military academy and joined the military for what became a long career.

Young Alexandre was aided by Dumas' father's aristocratic position to work with Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans, and later as a writer, a career that culminated in early success. Dumas slipped from favour and left France for Belgium, where he remained for many years before heading to Italy. He founded and published the newspaper L'Indépendent, which advocated Italian unification, in 1861, before returning to Paris in 1864.

Dumas had several affairs (allegedly as many as 40) when married, in the tradition of Frenchmen of higher social class. He was found to have had at least four illegitimate children, but twentieth-century scholars believe it was seven. Alexandre Dumas, a father who taught his son, Alexandre Dumas, to become a good novelist and playwright, was acknowledged and encouraged by him. Alexandre Dumas fils ('father') and Alexandre Dumas fils ('son'). In 1866, Dumas had a match with Adah Isaacs Menken, an American actress who was younger than half her age and at the start of her career.

Watts Phillips, an English playwright who met Dumas in his later years, described him as "the most generous, large-hearted being in the world." He was also the most charming and egotistical creature on the face of the Earth. His tongue was like a windmill: once set in motion, you never knew when he would stop, especially if the theme was himself."

Early life

Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie (later known as Alexandre Dumas) was born in 1802 in Villers-Cotterêts, France's Department of Aisne. Marie-Alexandrine (born 1794) and Louise-Alexandrine (1796–1797) were two older sisters. Marie-Louise Élisabeth Labouret, the niece of an innkeeper, and Thomas-Alexandre Dumas were among their parents.

Thomas-Alexandre was born in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti), the mixed-race son of the colony's artillery and general commissaire, as well as Marie-Cessette Dumas, an enslaved woman of Afro-Caribbean origins. His father was impoverished at the time of Thomas-Alexandre's birth. It's not known if his mother was born in Saint-Domingue or Africa, nor does it know from which African people her ancestors came.

Thomas-Alexandre Dumas Davy was sent by his father as a young boy and was legally released there. After a break with his father, Thomas-Alexandre used Dumas, his mother's name as his surname. By the age of 31, Dumas, the first soldier of Afro-Antilles origins to reach that rank in the French army, had been promoted to general.

Personal life

Ida Ferrier, a Marguerite-Joséphine Ferrand (born March 1-1840), was married by Dumas on February 1 (1811-189). He had numerous liaisons with other women and was found to have fathered at least four children by them:

Dumas, a well-known American actress, had an affair with Adah Isaacs Menken, about 1866. In Mazeppa, London, she had a sensational role. She was on the brink of her popularity in Paris and had a sold-out run of Les Pirates de la Savanne.

These women were among Dumas' nearly 40 mistresses discovered by scholar Claude Schopp, in comparison to three natural children.

Dumas, along with Victor Hugo, Charles Baudelaire, Gérard de Nerval, Eugène Delacroix, and Honoré de Balzac, a founder of the Club des Hashischins, which met monthly to take hashish at a hotel in Paris. There are several references to hashish in Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo.

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Career

While working for Louis-Philippe, Dumas began writing articles for magazines and plays for the theatre. As an adult, he used his slave grandmother's surname of Dumas, as his father had done as an adult. His first play, Henry III and His Courts, produced in 1829 when he was 27 years old, met with acclaim. The next year, his second play, Christine, was equally popular. These successes gave him sufficient income to write full-time.

In 1830, Dumas participated in the Revolution that ousted Charles X and replaced him with Dumas's former employer, the Duke of Orléans, who ruled as Louis-Philippe, the Citizen King. Until the mid-1830s, life in France remained unsettled, with sporadic riots by disgruntled Republicans and impoverished urban workers seeking change. As life slowly returned to normal, the nation began to industrialise. An improving economy combined with the end of press censorship made the times rewarding for Alexandre Dumas's literary skills.

After writing additional successful plays, Dumas switched to writing novels. Although attracted to an extravagant lifestyle and always spending more than he earned, Dumas proved to be an astute marketer. As newspapers were publishing many serial novels. His first serial novel was La Comtesse de Salisbury; Édouard III (July-September 1836). In 1838, Dumas rewrote one of his plays as a successful serial novel, Le Capitaine Paul. He founded a production studio, staffed with writers who turned out hundreds of stories, all subject to his personal direction, editing, and additions. From 1839 to 1841, Dumas, with the assistance of several friends, compiled Celebrated Crimes, an eight-volume collection of essays on famous criminals and crimes from European history. He featured Beatrice Cenci, Martin Guerre, Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia, as well as more recent events and criminals, including the cases of the alleged murderers Karl Ludwig Sand and Antoine François Desrues, who were executed. Dumas collaborated with Augustin Grisier, his fencing master, in his 1840 novel, The Fencing Master. The story is written as Grisier's account of how he came to witness the events of the Decembrist revolt in Russia. The novel was eventually banned in Russia by Czar Nicholas I, and Dumas was prohibited from visiting the country until after the Czar's death. Dumas refers to Grisier with great respect in The Count of Monte Cristo, The Corsican Brothers, and in his memoirs.

Dumas depended on numerous assistants and collaborators, of whom Auguste Maquet was the best known. It was not until the late twentieth century that his role was fully understood. Dumas wrote the short novel Georges (1843), which uses ideas and plots later repeated in The Count of Monte Cristo. Maquet took Dumas to court to try to get authorial recognition and a higher rate of payment for his work. He was successful in getting more money, but not a by-line.

Dumas's novels were so popular that they were soon translated into English and other languages. His writing earned him a great deal of money, but he was frequently insolvent, as he spent lavishly on women and sumptuous living. (Scholars have found that he had a total of 40 mistresses.) In 1846, he had built a country house outside Paris at Le Port-Marly, the large Château de Monte-Cristo, with an additional building for his writing studio. It was often filled with strangers and acquaintances who stayed for lengthy visits and took advantage of his generosity. Two years later, faced with financial difficulties, he sold the entire property.

Dumas wrote in a wide variety of genres and published a total of 100,000 pages in his lifetime. He also made use of his experience, writing travel books after taking journeys, including those motivated by reasons other than pleasure. Dumas travelled to Spain, Italy, Germany, England and French Algeria. After King Louis-Philippe was ousted in a revolt, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte was elected president. As Bonaparte disapproved of the author, Dumas fled in 1851 to Brussels, Belgium, which was also an effort to escape his creditors. In about 1859, he moved to Russia, where French was the second language of the elite and his writings were enormously popular. Dumas spent two years in Russia and visited St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, Astrakhan, Baku, and Tbilisi, before leaving to seek different adventures. He published travel books about Russia.

In March 1861, the kingdom of Italy was proclaimed, with Victor Emmanuel II as its king. Dumas travelled there and for the next three years participated in the movement for Italian unification. He founded and led a newspaper, Indipendente. While there, he befriended Giuseppe Garibaldi, whom he had long admired and with whom he shared a commitment to liberal republican principles as well as membership within Freemasonry. Returning to Paris in 1864, he published travel books about Italy.

Despite Dumas's aristocratic background and personal success, he had to deal with discrimination related to his mixed-race ancestry. In 1843, he wrote a short novel, Georges, that addressed some of the issues of race and the effects of colonialism. His response to a man who insulted him about his partial African ancestry has become famous. Dumas said:

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