William S. Burroughs

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William Seward Burroughs II (February 5, 1914 – August 2, 1997) was an American writer and illustrator.

Burroughs was a key figure of the Beat Generation and a major postmodernist writer whose influence has influenced a variety of popular culture as well as literature.

Burroughs produced eighteen books and novellas, six collections of short stories, and four collections of essays.

Five books on his interviews and correspondences have been published.

He has also worked on projects and recordings with many actors and musicians, as well as several film appearances.

He was also known by the pen name William Lee for a short time.

Early life and education

Burroughs was born in 1914, the younger of two sons born to Mortimer Perry Burroughs (June 16, 1885 – January 5, 1965), and Laura Hammon Lee (October 5, 1888 – October 20, 1970). His family was of prominent English ancestry in St. Louis, Missouri. William Seward Burroughs I, his grandfather, founded the Burroughs Adding Machine business, which later became the Burroughs Corporation. Laura Hammond Lee Burroughs, whose brother, Ivy Lee, was an advertising pioneer who later served as a publicist for the Rockefellers, was employed as a publicist for Burroughs. His father owned Cobblestone Gardens in St. Louis, and later in Palm Beach, Florida, when they relocated. Burroughs would later write about growing up in a "family" where affection displays were considered "obnoxious."

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Burroughs' childhood ignited a lifetime fascination with magic and the occult, which would feed into his work repeatedly throughout the years. Burroughs later recalled how he noticed an apparition of a green reindeer in the woods as a child, which he referred to as a totem animal, as well as a glimpse of ghostly grey figures in his bedroom.

Burroughs grew up in St. Louis' Central West End, on Pershing Avenue (now Pershing Place). In 1929, John Burroughs School in St. Louis published his first published essay, "Personal Magnetism," which was centered on telepathic mind-control, which was published in the John Burroughs Review. He then attended the Los Alamos Ranch School in New Mexico, which was very difficult for him. "Where the spindly sons of the wealthy could be turned into male specimens," the school was a boarding school for wealthy people." 44 Burroughs kept journals describing an illicit attachment to another boy. He later deleted these later, ashamed of their content, according to his own account. He retained his sexual orientation well into adulthood. According to a common tale, he was barred from Los Alamos after consuming chloral hydrate with a fellow student. However, he departed voluntarily during his second year's Easter holiday: "I begged my family to let me stay in St. Louis" is the president of Louis.

Burroughs attended high school at Taylor School in Clayton, Missouri, and in 1932, he returned home to complete an arts degree at Harvard University, where he was affiliated with Adams House. He served as a cub reporter for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, covering the police docket during the summers. He disliked the job and refused to cover certain events, such as the drowned child's death. He lost his virginity in a male prostitute who he adored in an East St. Louis, Illinois brothel. Papers, p.62 Burroughs came from Harvard and was introduced to New York City and was exposed to the gay subculture. Richard Stern, a wealthy friend from Kansas City, explored lesbian dives, piano bars, and the Harlem and Greenwich Village gay underground. They'll be riding from Boston to New York in a hapless manner. Stern scared Burroughs so badly that he threatened to get out of the car.

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Burroughs graduated from Harvard in 1936. According to Ted Morgan's Literary Outlaw, a parody of Ted Morgan's Literary Outlaw.

Burroughs' parents sold the rights to his grandfather's invention but had no interest in the Burroughs Corporation. They sold their shares for $200,000 (equivalent to about $3,200,000 in today's funds) a short time before the 1929 stock market crash.

Burroughs' formal education ended after he graduated from Harvard, barring briefings in graduate study of anthropology and medicine in Vienna, Austria. He travelled to Europe and became embedded in Austrian and Hungarian Weimar-era LGBT culture; he picked up young men in steam baths in Vienna and surrounded a circle of exiles, homosexuals, and runaways. There, he encountered Ilse Klapper, a Jewish woman fleeing the country's Nazi government from 1900 to 1982. Burroughs married her in Croatia, against his parents' wishes, allowing her to obtain a visa to the United States. She came from New York City and later divorced Burroughs, although the two were close friends for many years. 65-68 After returning to the United States, he had worked in a variety of uninteresting jobs. His parents' mental stability in 1939 became a worry, particularly after he deliberately broke the last joint of his left thumb at the knuckle to impress a man with whom he was infatuated. The event "The Finger" was a short story that fell into his early fiction.

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Beginning of literary career

Vollmer's death was a pivotal event in his life and a source of inspiration for his writing by alerting him to the danger of possession by a malevolent entity, "the Ugly Spirit": Burroughs characterized it as a "liberation spirit."

"My idea of possession is closer to the medieval model than to modern psychological explanations," Burroughs says in a tweet. I mean a concrete possessing entity. Burroughs' writing was supposed to be a tool of "sorcery," in his own words, to obscure language by tools such as the chop-up technique, in order to keep him safe from ownership. Burroughs referred to the Ugly Spirit as "monopolistic, acquisitive evil" later in life. Ugly isn't well-meaning. The ugly American" appeared at a shamanic festival with the explicit intention of exorcising the Ugly Spirit.

Oliver Harris has challenged Burroughs' assertion that Vollmer's death catalysed his writing, stressing the importance of Queer of Burroughs' fictionalization of the tale as Eugene Allerton rather than Vollmer's shooting. In any case, he began writing in 1945. Burroughs and Kerouac collaborated on And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks, a mystery book loosely based on the Carr–Kammerer incident that was never published at the time, but it was later revealed. Burroughs characterized it as "not a very distinguished work" years later in the documentary What Happened to Kerouac? An excerpt from this book, in which Burroughs and Kerouac wrote alternating chapters, was finally published in Word Virus, a collection of William Burroughs' writing that was published by his biographer after his death in 1997. In 2008, Grove Press published the complete book.

Burroughs had mostly completed his first book, Junkie, which he wrote at the behest of Allen Ginsberg, who was instrumental in getting the work published as a cheap mass-market paperback before killing Vollmer. The novel was published in 1953 as part of an Ace Double under the pen name William Lee, renaming it Junkie in 1977 as Junkie, then Junky, and finally in 2003 as Junky: the definitive text of 'Junk', edited by Oliver Harris.

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