Sam Houston

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Samuel Houston (March 2, 1793 – July 26, 1863) was an American soldier and politician.

Houston, the first and third president of Texas, and one of the first two Texas senators to represent Texas in the United States Senate, and he was a pioneer of the Texas Revolution.

He served as Tennessee's sixth governor and Texas' seventh governor, making him the only American to be elected governor of two separate states in the United States. When Houston was a child, he and his family immigrated to Maryville, Tennessee.

Houston later moved away from home and spent time with the Cherokee, becoming known as Ravens.

He served under General Andrew Jackson in the War of 1812, and after the war, he presided over the removal of many Cherokees from Tennessee.

Houston gained the presidency of Representatives in 1823 with the help of Jackson and others.

Early life

Samuel Houston was born in Rockbridge, Virginia, on March 2, 1793, to Samuel Houston and Elizabeth Paxton. Both of Houston's parents were descended from Scottish and Irish immigrants who had settled in Colonial America in the 1730s, including his great-grandfather John Houston. The father of Houston was descended from Ulster Scots people, according to him. Samuel inherited the Timber Ridge plantation and mansion in Rockbridge, Virginia, that had been enslaved African Americans. Captain Houston served as a paymaster in Morgan's Rifle Brigade during the American Revolutionary War. He served in the Virginia militia, which required him to pay his own bills and be away from his family for lengthy stretches of time. As a result, the plantation and the family's finances were affected.

He had five brothers and three sisters: Paxton, Robert, James, John, William, John, William, William, who married Mary Ball, Isabella, Mary, married Matthew Wallace and then his nephew Williams Wallace, and Eliza, who married Samuel Moore.

Samuel, his father's plans, had intended to sell Timber Ridge and move west to Tennessee, where land was cheaper, but he died in 1806. Elizabeth, his mother, carried out those plans and settled the family near Maryville, Tennessee's seat. Tennessee was on the American frontier at this time, and even larger towns such as Nashville were vigilant against Native American raids. He had hundreds of cousins who lived in the immediate area of east-central Tennessee. Elizabeth cleared the property, built a house, and planted crops when they arrived. Paxton, Isabella, and Robert's oldest children died in Tennessee a few years after they were born in Tennessee. Elizabeth depended on James and John to run the Maryville store, operate the farm, and watch over the younger children.

He had a carefree disposition, but he wanted to explore the frontier. He was at odds with theories of hell and damnation of his mother's faith, Presbyterianism, and he was not interested in education. He was involved in his father's library, reading classic authors like Virgil, as well as more recent books by authors such as Jedidiah Morse.

He left his family to live with a Cherokee tribe led by Chief John Jolly (Cherokee name: Ahuludegi, also spelled Oolooteka) on Hiwassee Island at the age of 16, not interested in farming or working in the family store. Houston developed a close friendship with Jolly and learned the Cherokee language, making him the Raven. "The Native Americans' free and unsophisticated spiritual expression," James L. Haley said. In 1812, he returned to Maryville, but he was hired as the schoolmaster of a one-room schoolhouse at age 19. He was educated at Porter Academy by Rev. John Smith. Isaac L. Anderson (founder of Maryville College) is the author of the book The founder of Maryville College.

Houston was not close to his siblings or his parents, and he seldom spoke about them in his later life, according to biographer John Hoyt Williams. When Haley lived on Hiwassee Island, he was concerned about his younger brother's and his sisters' wellbeing. He was abused by the majority of the family.

Personal life

Eliza Allen, a 19-year-old Eliza Allen, married Houston, Tennessee, in January 1829. The marriage lasted 11 weeks. Neither Houston nor Eliza ever gave a reason for their separation, but Eliza refused to allow divorce. He resigned as governor of a three-year term and spent three years with his Cherokee family. In 1830, Houston married Tiana Rogers (sometimes called Diana), the niece of Chief John "Hellfire" Rogers (1740-183), a Scot-Irish trader, and Jennie Due (1764-1856), a niece of Chief John Jolly, in a Cherokee ceremony. The reception was modest considering that it was Tiana's second marriage; she was widowed with two children from her previous marriage: Gabriel, 1819, and Joanna, 1822. She and Houston met when she was ten years old, and she was amazed to see how beautiful she was when he returned to her village years later. The two were together for many years. Tennessee society condemned the marriage because under civil law, he was still legally married to Eliza Allen Houston. Tiana remarried after falling to accompany Houston to Texas in 1832. She died of pneumonia in 1838. Will Rogers was her nephew, three generations ago.

He was able to obtain a divorce from Eliza Allen in 1837, after becoming President of the Republic of Texas.

In 1839, he purchased a horse that became one of the American Quarter Horse breed's foundation sires, named Copperbottom. He was his horse until its death in 1860.

Houston, a 47-year-old man, married for the third time on May 9, 1840. Margaret Moffette Lea, 21, of Marion, Alabama, was the daughter of planters. They had eight children. Margaret exercised a tempering influence on her husband's life, causing him to avoid alcohol. Although the Houstons had many houses, they only had one: Cedar Point (1840–1863) on Trinity Bay.

Houston was baptized into the Catholic faith in order to comply under the new Mexican law for property ownership in Coahuila y Tejas, 1833. In Nacogdoches, Texas, the sacrament was administered in the Adolphus Sterne House's living room. Margaret had spent 14 years trying to convert Houston to the Baptist church by 1854. Houston converted with the help of George Washington Baines, and the young boy accepted adult baptism. Spectators from neighboring countries descended on Independence, Texas, to attend the parade. Rev. Houston baptized Houston on November 19, 1854. Rufus C. Burleson, president of Baylor University, was absorbed in Little Rocky Creek, two miles southeast of Independence.

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Early political career

Houston began an apprenticeship with Judge James Trimble in Nashville after leaving government service. He jumped at the state bar and opened a law firm in Lebanon, Tennessee. Houston won the election as the district attorney for Nashville in 1819 with the help of Governor Joseph McMinn. He was also designated as a major general of the Tennessee militia. Houston, like his predecessors, was a founding member of the Democratic-Republican Party, which dominated state and national politics in the decade after the War of 1812. After the 1820 United States Census, Tennessee gained three seats in the United States House of Representatives, and Houston went unopposed in the 1823 election for Tennessee's ninth congressional district. In his first major speech in Congress, Houston called for the recognition of Greece, which was battling an internal war against the Ottoman Empire.

In the 1824 presidential election, Houston overwhelmingly supported Jackson's candidacy, which featured four leading candidates, all from the Democratic-Republican Party, running for president. The House of Representatives held a contingent election, which was won by John Quincy Adams as no candidate regained a majority of the vote. Supporters of Jackson eventually joined the Democratic Party, and those who supported Adams became known as National Republicans. Houston became governor of Tennessee in 1827 with Jackson's support. Governor Houston argued for internal improvements, such as canals, and that the cost of land for homesteaders living on the public domain was reduced. He also helped with Jackson's resurgent campaign in the 1828 presidential election.

Eliza Allen, the daughter of wealthy plantation owner John Allen of Gallatin, Tennessee, was born in January 1829. The marriage fell apart for the first time perhaps because Eliza fell in love with another man. Houston resigned as governor of Tennessee in April 1829, following the breakdown of his marriage. He returned to Arkansas Territory to recover the Cherokee shortly after leaving office.

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