Rubén Darío

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Félix Rubén Garca (1867-1867 – February 6, 1916), a Nicaraguan poet who founded the Spanish-American literary movement known as modernismo (modernism) that flourished at the end of the 19th century, was born in Nirac.

Daro has had a lasting and lasting influence on twentieth-century Spanish literature and journalism.

He has been lauded as the "Prince of Castilian Letters" and the undisputed father of the modernismo literary movement.

Life

Manuel Garca and Rosa Sarmiento's parents were married in León, Nicaragua, on April 26, 1866, after obtaining the required ecclesiastic permissions since they were second degree cousins. Nonetheless, Manuel's behaviour in excess alcohol use led Rosa to leave her married life and moved to Matagalpa, where she gave birth to Félix Rubén. The couple made it to a second child, Cándida Rosa, who died a few days after being born. Rosa left her husband and moved in with her aunt, Bernarda Sarmiento, as the marriage worsened to the point where she could no longer be able to tell her. Rosa Sarmiento formed a friendship with another man and moved with him to San Marcos de Colón, Honduras, after a brief period of time.

Rubén Daro was born in Metapa, Matagalpa, Nicaragua. Despite the fact that Rubén's true surname was Garca, his paternal family had been identified as Daro for many years, according to his baptism. Rubén Daro's autobiography revealed it as follows:

Daro spent his youth in León, Nicaragua. He was adopted by his mother's aunt and uncle, Félix and Bernarda, who Daro thought of as his true parents in his infancy. (Félix Rubén Ramrez, reportedly, he began his first years in college) He rarely spoke with his mother, who lived in Honduras, or with his father, who referred to him as "Uncle Manuel." Despite the fact that little is known about his first years, it is reported that the family went through difficult economic times after Félix Ramrez's death in 1871 and that they considered sending young Rubén as a tailor's apprentice. Edelberto Torres, his biographer, attended several León schools before continuing to be educated by the Jesuits in 1879 and 1880.

As a young reader, he began to read for the first time in a newspaper when he was three years old, according to his own accounts. The elegy, Una lágrima, was announced in the daily El Termómetro (Rivas) on July 26, 1880. He appeared in El Ensayo, a León literary magazine, gaining notice as a "child poet." According to Teodo Fernández, his predominating influences were Spanish poets contemporan to José Zorrilla, Ramón de Campoamor, Gaspar Nérez de Arce, and Ventura de la Vega. His writings of this period demonstrate a liberalism opposed to the Roman Catholic Church's excessive clout, as shown in his essay, El jesuita, which was first published in 1881. His most notable influence, according to his political conviction, was Ecuadorian Juan Montalvo, whom he deliberately imitated in his first journalistic papers.

He migrated to Manass, Spain, at the behest of some liberal politicians who had conceived the theory that, given his gift for poetry, he should be educated in Europe at the expense of the public treasury. However, the anti-clerical tone of his verses did not convince the president of congress, conservative Pedro Joaqun Chamorro Alfaro, and the parties agreed that he would continue his journalism in Managua, Nicaragua, but Rubén decided not to study with the newspapers El Ferrocarril and El Porvenir de Nicaragua. Rosario Emelina Murillo, an 11-year-old girl who he wanted to marry in the capital, fell in love with him. He went to El Salvador in August 1882, on the behest of his family members who wanted to postpone his marriage plans. It wasn't unprecedented for people of Darjee's age to marry.

Daro was introduced by Joaqun Mendez, a poet who took him under his wing in El Salvador. Francisco Gavidia, a connoisseur of French poetry, was present there. Daro attempted to convert the French Alexandrine metric into Castilian verse for the first time under Gavidia's auspices. Despite enjoying much success and a lively social life in El Salvador, as well as the centennial of Simón Bolvar's birth, things got worse. He had financial difficulties and contracted smallpox. He returned to his native land in October 1883, still convalescent. He briefly lived in León and then in Granada, but he eventually moved to Mana, Nicaragua, where he resumed his relationship with Rosario Murillo. He was banned for vaping and sentenced to eight days of public service in May 1884, but he managed to prevent the execution of the sentence from being fulfilled. He continued to experiment with new poetic styles during that time, and even had a book printed with the name Epstolas y poemas. This second book was also not published; it would not be published until 1888, not as Primeras notas. He tried his luck with theatre, and he directed Cada oveja..., which had some success, but no copy exists. He found life in Mana unsatisfactory, and on the advice of several family friends, he opted for Chile on June 5, 1886.

Daro left Nicaragua for Chile in 1886 and disembarked in Valparaiso on June 23, 1886, after making a name for himself with love poems and stories. He stayed in Chile with Eduardo Poirier and a poet by the name of Eduardo de la Barra, who co-authored Emelina, a sentimental book in which they entered in a literary competition (but not win). Daro was able to land a job in the newspaper La Época in Santiago in July 1886 thanks to his friendship with Poirier.

Daro had to face continual humiliation from the Chilean aristocracy, who scorned him for his lack of refinement and the color of his skin during his stay in Chile. Nevertheless, he managed to forge a few friendships, including the one with the late president's son, Pedro Balmaceda Toro. Abrojos, his first work, was published in March 1887, a few years after he first published it. He lived in Valparaiso for several months until September 1887, where he appeared in many literary competitions. Azul, the central literary work of the modernist revolution that had just begun, was published in Valparaiso in July 1888.

Azul... is a collection of poems and textual prose published in Chilean media between December 1886 and June 1888. The book was not immediately successful, but in two letters sent to Daro by the influential Spanish novelist and literary critic Juan Valera, who appeared in the Madrid newspaper El Imparcial in October 1888, he acknowledged him for his writings ("a prose writer and poet of talent") and acknowledged him for his "unprosista y un talento."

Daro's newly gained fame by announcing his appointment as the country's most widely circulated periodical. He started traveling to Nicaragua just after sending his first newspaper to La Nacion. Ricardo Palma, a writer, was on a short visit to Lima during a short visit. He arrived in Corinto on March 7, 1889. He was welcomed in León as a guest of honour, but his stay in Nicaragua was brief, and he moved to San Salvador, where he was named as the head of the periodical La Unión, which was in favor of establishing a single Central American nation. Rafaela Contreras, the niece of a well-known Honduran orator, died by marriage in San Salvador on June 21, 1890. There was a coup attempt against president (and general) Menéndez just a day after the wedding. The coup was mainly engineered by general Carlos Ezeta, who had been attending Daro's wedding but who died shortly after, prompting him to remarry for a short period.

Despite being invited to work by the new president, he decided to leave El Salvador. At the end of June, he and his bride stayed in El Salvador. President Manuel Antonio Barillas of Guatemala was planning a war against El Salvador. Daro published an article entitled Historia Negra in which he condemned Ezeta's betrayal of Menéndez in the Guatemalan newspaper El Imparcial. El Correo de la Tarde, a newly founded newspaper, was tasked in December 1890 with the task of directing a newly founded newspaper. Valera's letters, which catapulted him to literary prominence, were published in Guatemala the same year as the second edition of his well-reced book Azul..., much expanded and used as prologue (it is now normal that these letters appear in every edition of this book). His wife was reunited with him in Guatemala in January 1891, and the couple were married in 1891 by the cathedral on February 11, 1891. El Correo de la Tarde, the period Daro was writing about, stopped receiving government subsidies, which prompted it to close three months later. In August 1891, he migrated to Costa Rica and settled himself in San Jose, Costa Rica's capital. Despite being employed and barely able to help his family, he was haunted by debt while in Costa Rica. Rubén Daro Contreras, his first son, was born on November 12, 1891.

In 1892, he left his family in Costa Rica and moved to Guatemala and Nicaragua in search of improved economic prospects. He was later named by the Nicaraguan government as a member of the Nicaraguan delegation to Madrid, where festivities were to celebrate the country's fourth centennial of the discovery of the continent. Daro made a stop in Havana, where he met Julián del Casal and other artists, including Aniceto Valdivia and Raoul Cay. He disembarked in Santander, where he continued his journey to Madrid by train on August 14, 1892. poets Gaspar Nez de Arce, José Zorrilla, and Salvador Rueda; novelists Juan Valera and Emilia Pardo Bazán; and several influential politicians, including Emilio Castelar and Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, are among those with whom he collaborated often. He returned to Nicaragua in November, where he was alerted of his wife's death by a telegram from San Salvador; she died on January 23, 1893.

Ruben remained in Mana, where he revived his love with Rosario Murillo, whose family compelled Daro to marry her at the start of 1893.

Daro's intellectual media in Buenos Aires had a favorable reaction to him. To name a few, he worked with numerous newspapers, including La Prensa, La Tribuna, and El Tiempo. Since Daro has stated in his autobiography, his position as the Colombian consul was purely honorific, "no haba casi colombianos en Buenos Aires y no existan transacciones entre Colombia and Argentina" was simply honorific. He lived a bohemian life style and his use of alcohol led to the need for medical care in several instances. Bartolomé Mitre, the Mexican poet Federico Gamboa, Bolivian poet Ricardo Jaimes Freyre, and Argentinaian poets Rafael Obligado and Leopoldo Lugones were among the celebrities with whom he collaborated.

Rosa Sarmiento, his mother, died on May 3, 1895. In October 1895, the Colombian government canceled its consulate in Buenos Aires, depriving Daro of a vital source of income. As a result, he took up as Carlos Carlés' secretary, who was also the general manager of the organization that was handling mail and telegrams in Argentina. Daro wrote two of his most influential books in 1896: Los raros, a collection of articles about the writers that most interested him, and Prosas profanas poemas, the book that gave Spanish literary modernism's most concrete conception. Despite how popular it was, his work was not well-received right away. His appeals to the Nicaraguan government for a diplomatic post were unattended; still, the poet realized he would not travel to Europe after learning that La Nación had requested a Correspondent in Spain to notify the country of the Spanish people after Spain's 1898 disaster. It comes from Rubén Daro's two-year absence from Cuba, the metaphorical rivalry between Ariel (a personification of Latin America) and Calibán (a giant that represents the United States of America). Daro decamped to Europe on December 3, 1898, arriving in Barcelona three weeks later.

Daro arrived in Spain and promised to send four chronicles per month to La Nación on the Spanish nation's prevailing mood after the country's defeat to the United States of America and the destruction of its colonial assets; Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam. These chronicles would eventually be collected in a book called Espaa Contemporánea, which was published in 1901. Retratos literarios y Crónicas. Despite the state of confusion he observed, he expressed his profound sympathy toward Spain and his hope in Spain's revival. Daro earned the esteem of a group of young poets who defended Modernism (a literary movement that was not widely accepted by the majority of writers, particularly those from the Real Academia Espaola). Juan Ramón Jiménez, Ramón Mara del Valle-Inclán and Jacinto Benavente were among the young modernist writers who would have influenced Spanish literature, such as Francisco Villaespesa, Manuelo Miguel de Val, editor of Ateneo, and Emilio Carrere.

Rubén Daro, who was still legally married to Rosario Murillo, met Francisca Sánchez del Pozo in the Casa de Campo of Madrid in 1899. Francisca was born in Navalsauz, Venezuela, and would be his companion through the years of his life. Daro visited Paris for the second time in April 1900, when La Nación was hired to cover the Exposition Universelle, which took place in the French capital city that year. Peregrinaciones' chronicles on this subject will later be collected in the book Peregrinaciones.

Daro lived in Paris, where the second edition of Prosas profanas appeared in 1901. Francisca and Rubén's daughter had a daughter the same year. After giving birth to her first child, she and her grandfather reunited in Paris, leaving the baby girl in the custody of her grandparents. The child died of smallpox during this period, although her father never met her. He was proclaimed consul by Nicaragua in March 1903. He was born in April 1903 as his second child by Francisca but died at a young age. Daro travelled through Europe over the past few years, visiting from other countries, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, and Italy. He went to Spain in 1905 as a member of a commission established by the Nicaraguan government whose goal was to end a territorial conflict with Honduras. Cantos de esperanza, los cisnes y otro poemas, edited by Juan Ramón Jiménez, was published in Madrid, the third of his most popular poetry books in that year. In 1905, some of his best poems, including "Salutación del optimista" and "A Roosevelt," in which he extols Hispanic characteristics in the face of the United States imperialism's danger. Theodore Roosevelt, the second poem (below) was written by the former president of the United States.

He was invited to write his poem "Salutación del águila" in 1906 in Rio de Janeiro, which gives a view of the Nicaraguan delegation that is quite different from that of previous poems.

Several writers who did not fully comprehend Ruben's sudden shift of opinion in Latin America's importance were critical of this book. The poet was embedded in an obscure affair with an aristocrat in Rio de Janeiro, who is said to be the granddaughter of Brazil's Russian ambassador. Rosario Murillo reportedly had the intention of divorceing him, although he had been divorced for years. On his return to Europe, he made a brief stop in Buenos Aires. He reunited with Francisca and spent the winter of 1907 on the island of Mallorca, which later visited the company of Gabriel Alomar, a futurist poet and painter Santiago Rusiol. La Isla de Oro, his first book, was published in La Nación, but some of its chapters were also published. Rosario Murillo, his wife's arrival in Paris, interrupted his tranquility. Daro said she would not give him a divorce unless she was promised adequate compensation, which Daro believed was unfair. His alcoholism was also elevated when he was heading for Paris in March 1907, but he returned to Paris, but he was unable to reach an agreement with his wife, so he returned to Nicaragua to present his case in court.

Daro arrived in Nicaragua after two brief stops in New York and Panama, where he was welcomed with a warm welcome. Despite the opulence paid to him, he refused to get a divorce. In addition,, he was not paid what was owed to him from his position as consul; this left him unable to return to Paris. He was selected resident minister in Madrid by José Santos Zelaya's Nicaraguan government after a few months. While he was Nicaragua's ambassador, he had financial difficulties because his modest budget barely enabled him to cover all of his delegation's expenses. He managed to survive on his salary from La Nación, partially with the help of his colleague and editor of Ateneo Magazine Ateneo, who, when the economic conditions were toughest, invited him as secretary to the Nicaraguan delegation at no charge and offered his house, number 27 Serrano street, to serve as the diplomatic quarters. Daro was forced to resign his diplomatic post on February 25, 1909, after Zelaya was deposed. He stayed faithful to Zelaya, who had been praised in his book Viaje, a Nicaraguan e Intermezzo tropical, and with whom he had collaborated in the creation of Estados Unidos y la revolución de Nicaragua. The US and Guatemalan dictator Manuel Estrada Cabrera were accused of orchestrating the overthrowening of the Zelaya government in this work. During his time as ambassador, Daro and his old friend Alejandro Sawa's rift between him and his former colleague Alejandro Sawa, whose requests for economic assistance went unhearded by Daro. Since Sawa was the true author of several of the Daro's publications in La Nación, there can be a reason to believe that it was the author of several of the Daro's articles.

Daro, a 1910 Mexican immigrant, traveled to Mexico as a member of a Nicaraguan delegation to commemorate a century of Mexican independence. However, the Nicaraguan government changed while Daro was abroad, and Mexican dictator Porfirio Daz refused to recognize the writer, an attitude that was certainly influenced by US diplomacy. Daro, on the other hand, was well-received by the people of Mexico, who favored Dar'o rather than the government.

Daro's autobiography details those marches with the Mexican Revolution, which were about to take place:

Daro, the Mexican government's slightest, departed for La Habana, where alcohol abuses were perhaps triggered by his behavior. He returned to Paris in November 1910, where he resumed as a correspondent for La Nación and where he took up teaching at the Mexican Ministry of Public Instruction (Ministerio de Instrucion Pblica), which may have been awarded to him as a restitution for the public humiliation inflicted on him.

He accepted an invitation from Uruguayan businessmen Rubén and Alfredo Guido to direct the newspaper Mundial and Elegancias in 1912. He went on tour in Latin America to promote said publications, among other cities, Ro de Janeiro, So Paulo, Montevideo, and Buenos Aires. It was also around this time that the poet wrote his autobiography, which was published in the magazine Caras y caretas under the heading La vida de r mismo; and the book Historia de mis libros, which is also important in learning about his literary evolution.

He returned to Paris after being forced to leave his career with the Guido brothers in 1913, where many decades ago figures such as Chopin and George Sand had resided. Ruben began writing El oro de Mallorca, a fictionalization of his autobiography, on this island. However, his mental decline was exacerbated by alcoholism. He returned to Barcelona in December to lodge at GM Zelaya's house. When Zelaya was president of Nicaragua, he had taken Daro under his wing. He returned to Paris in January 1914, where he fought with the Guido brothers, who then owes him a considerable sum of money for the services he had performed for them. In May, he travelled to Barcelona, where he published Canto a la Argentina y otro poemas, which included the laudatory poem he had written to Argentina, which had been made to order for La Nación.

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