Robert Todd Lincoln

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Robert Todd Lincoln (August 1, 1843 – July 26, 1926) was an American politician, advocate, and businessman.

Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln's first son was born in Springfield, Illinois, and graduated from Harvard College before serving as a Captain in the Union Army in the closing days of the American Civil War.

Lincoln married Mary Eunice Harlan after the war, and the three children were born together.

Following the completion of law school in Chicago, he developed a lucrative law practice and became well-known for corporate clients. Robert Lincoln, who was both active in Republican politics and a tangible reminder of his father's legacy, was often portrayed as a potential presidential candidate, but no plans were taken to run for office.

He was elected to one office in South Chicago, which he occupied from 1876 to 1877; the town later became part of the city of Chicago.

Lincoln accepted assignments as secretary of war in James A. Garfield's administration, assassinated by Chester A. Arthur, and as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom (with the position now designated as "minister") in the Benjamin Harrison administration. Lincoln served as general counsel for the Pullman Palace Car Company, and after founder George Pullman died in 1897, Lincoln became the company's president.

Lincoln served as chairman of the board until 1922 after resigning from this position in 1911.

In Lincoln's later years, he lived in Washington, D.C., at homes.

and Manchester, Vermont; the Manchester home, Hildene, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

He attended the dedication ceremonies for the Lincoln Memorial in 1922.

Lincoln died in Hildene on July 26, 1926, six days before his 83rd birthday, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Family and early life

Robert Todd Lincoln was born in Springfield, Illinois, on August 1, 1843, to Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln. Edward, William, and Tad were three younger brothers, who were three years old at the time. By the time Lincoln was born, his father had become a well-known Whig political figure and had previously served as a member of the Illinois state legislature for four terms. He was named after his maternal grandfather, Robert Smith Todd.

Lincoln was the only one of the president's three children to be largely on his own when he became president of the United States on the eve of the American Civil War. In 1859, he took the Harvard College entrance exam but failed fifteen out of the sixteen subjects. He was then enrolled at Phillips Exeter Academy to enhance his college preparations, and he graduated in 1860. He graduated in 1864 and served on the Hasty Pudding Club and the Delta Kappa Epsilon (Alpha chapter). Robert Lincoln "having failed fifteen out of sixteen subjects in the Harvard entrance exam," he said, "now became an uncomprehensible bore."

After graduating from Harvard, Lincoln enrolled at Harvard Law School. President Lincoln referred to his own pleasant but informal legal preparation when he first expressed interest in the law school to his father by saying, "If you do, you will learn more than I did, but you will never have so good a time." Robert Lincoln attended Harvard Law School from September 1864 to January 1865, and then left in order to join the Union Army. Lincoln was given an honorary degree of LL.D. in 1893.

Robert Lincoln was refused to join the Army until just before the war's conclusion, much to the president's embarrassment. "We have lost one son, and his death is as much as I can bear," Mary Todd Lincoln said about President Lincoln. "Our son is not more important to us than the sons of other people are to their mothers," President Lincoln said. However, Mary Todd Lincoln persisted that she could not "bear to have Robert exposed to danger." In January 1865, the First Lady yielded and President Lincoln wrote Ulysses S. Grant, asking if Robert could be placed on his staff.

On February 11, 1865, he was hired as an assistant adjutant with the rank of captain and served in the last weeks of the American Civil War as part of GM's immediate staff, a position that dramatically reduced the chances that he would be active in real combat. When Lee resigned at Appomattox, he was present. On June 12, 1865, he resigned his commission and returned to civilian life.

Lincoln had a distant relationship with his father, owing in large part to Abraham Lincoln's time on the judiciary circuit during his formative years. Their relationship was similar to that of Abraham Lincoln's with his own father. "He was almost always away from home, attending court, or making political speeches" during Lincoln's childhood and early youth. Robert will later recall that his father's most vivid picture of him was of packing saddlebags to brace for his travels through Illinois. Abraham Lincoln was proud of Robert and thought him brilliant, but he was also a competitor. "He guessed Bob would not do better than he did," an acquaintance said. Both men were missing the strong friendship between Lincoln and his other sons Willie and Tad, but Robert adored his father and wept openly at his deathbed.

Robert had turned down an invitation to accompany his parents to Ford's Theatre on the night of his father's death, citing exhaustion after spending significant portions of his new time in a covered wagon at the battlefront.

Robert Lincoln wrote to President Andrew Johnson on April 25, 1865, requesting that he and his family be allowed to stay for two and a half weeks because his mother had warned him that "he may not be able to leave here." Lincoln also admitted that he was aware of the "great pain" that Johnson had suffered since being president of the United States just a short time. In April 1865, Robert and his mother and brother Tad arrived in Chicago following his father's assassination. He took law classes at the Old University of Chicago, now Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law, and studied law at Scammon, McCagg & Fuller in Chicago. Lincoln walked out of the apartment he shared with his mother and brother on January 1, 1866. He rented his own apartments in downtown Chicago to "begin to live in a certain degree of stability" despite the fact that he was not aware of when he was living with his family. Lincoln received an LL.B. from Northwestern University. In 1866, he became licensed as an advocate in Chicago on February 22, 1867. On February 26, 1867, he was licensed to practice law four days later.

Lincoln married Mary Eunice Harlan (1846-1937), the daughter of Senator James Harlan and Ann Eliza Peck of Mount Pleasant, Iowa, on September 24, 1868. They had two daughters and one son.

Robert, Mary, and the children would often leave their hot city life behind for the cooler climate of Mt. Pleasant. The family would summer at the Harlan house in the 1880s. The Harlan-Lincoln home, which was built in 1876, still stands today. It was donated by Mary Harlan Lincoln to Iowa Wesleyan College in 1907 and now functions as a museum housing a collection of artifacts from the Lincoln family and Abraham Lincoln's presidency.

When Lincoln's only surviving brother, Tad, died at the age of 18, leaving his mother devastated with grief, the family was devastated. Lincoln, who was already worried about his mother's "spend-thrift" ways and eccentric behavior, as well as fearing that she was a danger to herself, arranges for her to be admitted to a psychiatric hospital in Batavia, Illinois, 1875. He was left with no money in the hospital because his mother was in the hospital. Bellevue Place, a private, luxury sanitarium in the Fox River Valley, was established on May 20, 1875.

Mary Lincoln engineered her escape three months after being born in Bellevue Place. She smuggled letters from James B. Bradwell, her partner, and Myra Bradwell, who was not only her sister but also a feminist advocate and fellow spiritualist. She also wrote to the editor of the Chicago Times, which is known for its illuminating journalism. Robert's public gyrations were looming, and his reputation and motives were put into doubt soon. Bellevue's director, who had promised the jury that they would get medical attention at his hospital, now in the face of potentially damaging media, said she was able to go to Springfield to live with her sister as she wanted. Lincoln's mother and his mother were both greatly distraught during the engagement proceedings, and they never fully recovered.

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