Robert F Kennedy Jr.

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Robert Francis Kennedy Jr. (born January 17, 1954) is an American anti-vaccination activist, environmental prosecutor, and author.

Kennedy is the nephew of President John F. Kennedy and his uncle Robert F. Kennedy.

He is the president of the Waterkeeper Alliance, a non-profit environmental group that he helped found in 1999. Kennedy served as a senior counsel for the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), a non-profit environmental group, from 1986 to 2017.

He served as a board member and chief prosecuting attorney for Hudson Riverkeeper from 1984 to 2017.

He served as both a prosecuting attorney and co-director of Pace Law School's Environmental Litigation Clinic, which he founded in 1987.

He is currently professor emeritus at Pace University, a nationally syndicated American radio show, and has written or edited ten books, including two New York Times bestsellers and three children's books.

He is a well-known anti-vaccine activist who believes in a pseudoscientific association between autism and vaccines.

Early life and education

On January 17, 1954, Kennedy was born at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D.C. He is the third of eleven children of senator and attorney general Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Kennedy, née Skakel. Senator John F. Kennedy and senator Ted Kennedy are both nephews of president and senator John F. Kennedy, and senator Ted Kennedy.

Kennedy grew up in McLean, Virginia, and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, Massachusetts. He was 9 years old in 1963 when his uncle, President John F. Kennedy, was assassinated, and 14 years old in 1968, when his father was assassinated while running for president in the Democratic presidential primaries.

Kennedy learned of his father's shooting while attending Georgetown Preparatory School, a Jesuit boarding school in North Bethesda, Maryland. He and his elder sister Kathleen and elder brother Joseph died in Los Angeles just a few hours after. Kennedy was a pallbearer in his father's funeral, where he spoke and read excerpts from his father's addresses at the Mass in Arlington National Cemetery, where he was honoured.

Kennedy continued his education at Harvard and the London School of Economics, graduating from Harvard College in 1976 with a Bachelor of Arts in American History and Literature. He went on to earn a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Virginia and a Master of Laws from Pace University.

Personal life

Kennedy, a licensed master falconer, has been raising hawks since he was 11. He raises hawks and falcons and is also certified as a raptor propagator and a wildlife rehabilitator. He holds licenses for Federal Game Keeper, Bird Bander, and Scientific Collector. He was President of the New York State Falconry Association from 1988 to 1991. Kennedy authored the report in 1987, when on Governor Mario Cuomo's New York State Falconry Advising Committee, listing apprentice falconers given by New York State. He wrote the New York State Apprentice Falconer's Handbook, which was later released by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation and is still in use today.

Kennedy is also a whitewater kayaker. During early trips down the Green and Yampa Rivers in Utah and Colorado, as well as the Middle Fork Salmon in Idaho and the Upper Hudson Gorge, his father introduced him and his siblings to whitewater kayaking. Kennedy, a partner and tour guide with a whitewater firm, "Utopian," based in West Forks, Maine, from 1976 to 1981. He arranged and directed several "first-descent" whitewater expeditions to Latin America, including three hitherto unexplored rivers: the Apurimac, Peru, 1975; and the Caroni, Venezuela, 1982. He began with the descent of the Great Whale River in Northern Quebec in 1993 and has made several trips to Patagonia, Chile, to run the Biobo River, the Futaleuf, and other whitewater rivers.

In 2015, he brought two of his sons to Mount Kennedy to run the Alsek River, a whitewater river that is fed by the Alsek Glacier. When the Canadian Government named Mount Kennedy for the assassinated American president in 1964, it was Canada's highest peak. Robert F. Kennedy, his father, was the first person to scale Mount Kennedy in 1965.

Kennedy married Emily Ruth Black (born 1957), who had attended the University of Virginia School of Law on April 3, 1982. They had two children, Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy III (born 1984; married to writer, peace activist, and former CIA officer Amaryllis Fox) and Kathleen Alexandra ('Kick') Kennedy (born 1988). The latter reveals the name of her great-aunt, Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington, who died.

The pair married in 1992 and divorced in 1994.

On the Hudson River, Kennedy married Mary Kathleen Richardson (1959–2012) from a research vessel on April 15, 1994. They had four children: Conor Richardson Kennedy (born 1994), Kyra LeMoyne Kennedy (born 1995), William Finbar "Finn" Kennedy (born 1997), and Aidan Caohman Vieques Kennedy (born 2001). Kennedy requested divorce from Mary on May 12, 2010; three days later, she was charged with drunk driving. Mary was discovered dead in a building on the grounds of her home in Mount Kisco, New York, on May 16, 2012. The death was declared a suicide by the Westchester County Medical Examiner due to asphyxiation from hanging.

On August 2, 2014, Kennedy married actress-director Cheryl Hines at the Kennedy compound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts. They were introduced by Larry David, whose wife Hines appeared in the HBO series Curb Your Enthusiasm, and they began dating in 2012.

It was reported in 2008 that Kennedy has spasmodic dysphonia, which causes his voice to quaver and makes speech difficult. It's a form of an involuntary movement disorder called dystonia that affects only the larynx.

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Career

In 1983, when Kennedy was an Assistant District Attorney in Manhattan, he was arrested and pleaded guilty to heroin use and was sentenced to two years of probation and community service. Following his detention, he joined a drug rehabilitation facility and volunteered for the Natural Resources Defense Council during his probation. A year early, his probation came to an end. When he was admitted to the New York bar in 1985, Kennedy became a prosecutor and was promoted to senior attorney.

Kennedy is an environmental law specialist and partner with Morgan & Morgan and Kennedy & Madonna, LLP, and an advocate for environmental justice.

Kennedy has advocated for the protection of waterways, indigenous rights, and renewable energy through litigation, lobbying, lecturing, and political campaigns, as well as activism.

In 2018, the National Trial Lawyers Association voted Kennedy and his trial team Trial Team of the Year for their efforts in obtaining a $289 million jury verdict in Dewayne "Lee" Johnson's case against Monsanto.

On behalf of Hudson Riverkeeper and the Long Island Soundkeeper, who was also a board member, Kennedy litigated and managed environmental enforcement proceedings on the east coast estuaries. Several lawsuits against towns and industries along the Connecticut and New York coastlines were filed by a Long Island Soundkeeper. In 1986, Kennedy won a landmark case against Remington Arms Trap and Skeet Gun Club in Stratford, Connecticut, which brought the shooting lead shot to Long Island Sound. Kennedy also filed federal lawsuits to close the Pelham Bay landfill and the New York Athletic clubs, alleging that those organizations were interfering with Long Island Sound public use. Kennedy filed a series of lawsuits on the Hudson, including New York City, seeking to properly treat sewage and businesses, such as Consolidated Edison, General Electric, and Exxon, to avoid discharging pollution and clearing up legacy contamination.

During the 104th Congress in 1995, Kennedy called for the repeal of the anti-environmental laws. Kennedy co-authored The Riverkeepers, a history of the early Riverkeepers, and a introduction to the Waterkeeper movement.

Kennedy has written extensively on environmental law enforcement, drawing on his experience of investigating and suing polluters on behalf of the Waterkeepers.

In 1987, Kennedy founded the Environmental Litigation Clinic at Pace University School of Law, where he served as the clinic's supervising attorney and co-director, as well as a Clinical Professor of Law. Under the guidance of Kennedy and his co-director, Professor Karl Coplan, Kennedy obtained a special order from the New York State Court of Appeals that allowed his 10 clinic students, second-and-third-year law students, to practice law and litigate lawsuits against Hudson River polluters in state and federal court. Riverkeeper and Long Island Soundkeeper are two of the clinic's full-time patients.

Multiple governments and businesses have been sued for polluting Long Island Sound and the Hudson River and its tributaries, according to the clinic. The clinic argued for the expansion of shoreline and received hundreds of settlements for the Hudson Riverkeeper, including the one that was argued in the courts. Hundreds of municipal waste-water treatment plants have been sued by Kennedy and his students to ensure compliance with the Clean Water Act. ExxonMobil was forced to drain tens of millions of gallons of oil from legacy refinery leaks in Newtown, New York, in 2010.

On April 11, 2001, the Men's Journal awarded Kennedy with its "Heroes" Award for his establishment of the Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic. Other awards for outstanding legal work, including Kennedy and his Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic, have been given to Kennedy and his Pace Environmental Litigation Clinic for their outstanding court work in the cleaning of the planet. The Pace Clinic became a model for similar environmental law clinics around the country, including Rutgers, Golden Gate, UCLA, Widener, and Berkeley's Boalt Hall.

The Waterkeeper Alliance, which is now the umbrella body for the 344 licensed Waterkeeper programs located in 44 countries, was launched in June 1999, as Riverkeeper's success on the Hudson inspired the founding of Waterkeepers around North America, Kennedy, and a few dozen dozen Riverkeepers. Kennedy, as President of the Alliance, controls the Alliance's legal, membership, legislative, and fundraising efforts. The Alliance claims it is committed to promoting "swimmable, fishable, drinkable waterways around the world" and is also a clearinghouse, approving new Keeper initiatives and licensing use of the trademarked "Waterkeeper," "Baykeeper," "Canalkeeper," "Coastkeeper," etc. Names.

Several films, including The Hudson Riverkeepers (1998) and The Waterkeepers (2004), both directed by Les Guthman, have been focusing on Kennedy and his environmental work. He appeared in the IMAX documentary film Grand Canyon Adventure: River at Risk, riding the length of the Grand Canyon in a wooden dory with his daughter 'Kick' and anthropologist Wade Davis.

In a series of lawsuits against New York City and upstate watershed polluters, Kennedy began representing environmentalists and New York City watershed voters beginning in 1991. According to Kennedy, a series of studies and reports showed that New York State was abdicating its responsibility to shield the water repository and supply. He orchestrated the $1.2 billion New York City Watershed Agreement in 1996, which New York magazine named "The Kennedy Who Matters" in its cover story. This deal, which Kennedy negotiated on behalf of environmentalists and New York City watershed owners, is regarded as an international model for stakeholder consensus talks and sustainable growth.

Kevin Madonna, a marine prosecutor, and Kennedy and Ed Miliband formed Kennedy & Madonna, LLP, in 2000 to represent private parties against polluters. Individuals, non-profit agencies, school districts, municipal water providers, Indian tribes, municipalities, and states are among the plaintiffs suing environmental contamination claims. Kennedy & Madonna assembled a team of respected lawyers to fight environmental contamination from industrial pork and poultry production in 2001. In 2004, the company was part of a legal team that secured a $70 million settlement for property owners in Pensacola, Florida, whose properties were contaminated by chemicals from an adjacent Superfund site.

In the 2010 HBO documentary Mann vs. Ford, the Ramapough Mountain Indian Tribe's attorneys file a lawsuit against the Ford Motor Company for the illegal dump of hazardous waste on tribal lands in northern New Jersey. The lawsuit, in lieu of a financial settlement for the tribe, resulted in the community's land being re-listed on the federal Superfund list for the first time in the nation's history that a de-listed site was re-listed. Kennedy was one of three candidates nominated by the public Justice in 2007 for his role in DuPont's $396 million jury verdict for contamination from its Spelter, West Virginia zinc plant. The firm was part of the litigation team that obtained a $670 million settlement for over 3,000 people from Ohio and West Virginia whose drinking water was polluted with the dangerous chemical, C8, which was released into the environment by DuPont in Parkersburg, West Virginia.

In 2016, Kennedy joined Morgan & Morgan as counsel. Following the Aliso Canyon gas leak in California, the two companies' successful collaboration on the case against SoCalGas Company arose. In 2017, Kennedy and his companions sued Monsanto in federal court in San Francisco on behalf of plaintiffs suing for compensation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which, the lawyers argue, was due to Monsanto's glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup. Kennedy and his staff also filed a class action lawsuit against Monsanto for failing to alert consumers of the risks posed by Roundup exposure. Following gas explosions in three towns north of Boston, Kennedy and his associates filed a class action against Columbia Gas of Massachusetts arguing negligence. "As they produce new miles of pipe, the same company is disregarding its existing infrastructure, which we now know is eroding and dilapidated," Kennedy said of Columbia Gas.

Keeper Springs, a bottle and John Hoving, established a bottled-water business in 1998, which donated the majority of the company's proceeds to the Waterkeeper Alliance. In 2013, Kennedy and his partner sold the brand to Nestlé in exchange for a donation to local Waterkeepers.

Kennedy, a venture partner and senior advisor with VantagePoint Capital Partners, one of the world's largest cleantech venture capital firms, was a venture partner and senior advisor. VantagePoint was the first and largest pre-IPO institutional investor in Tesla among other things. Among other things, VantagePoint has supported BrightSource Energy and Solazyme. Kennedy is a board member and advisor to several of Vantage Point's portfolio companies in the water and energy industry, including Ostara, a Vancouver-based company that sells the technology to remove phosphorus and other essential nutrients from wastewater, transforming otherwise polluted soil directly into high-grade fertilizer. He has served as a senior advisor to Starwood Energy Group and has played a key role in a number of the company's acquisitions.

He is on the board of Vionx, a Massachusetts-based vanadium flow battery manufacturer. Vionx, National Grid, and the US Department of Energy completed the installation of advanced flow batteries at Holy Name High School in Worcester, Massachusetts, on October 5, 2017. Siemens and the United Technologies Research Center are also involved in the project, which makes it one of Massachusetts' biggest energy storage facilities.

Kennedy is a partner of ColorZen, which provides a turnkey cotton fiber pre-treatment system that minimizes water use and hazardous discharges during the cotton dyeing process.

Kennedy, a co-owner and director of Utility Integration Solutions (UISol), a smart grid company that was acquired by Alstom, was a co-owner and director of the utility integration company Utility Integration Solutions (UISol). He is currently a co-owner and Director of GridBright, the market-leading grid management company.

Kennedy co-founded EcoWatch, an environmental news website in October 2011. In January 2018, he resigned from the board of directors.

In his first case as an environmental prosecutor, Kennedy represented the NAACP in a lawsuit against a plan to install a garbage transfer station in a minority neighborhood in Ossining, New York.

He fought Westchester County, New York, to reopen the Croton Point Park, which had been heavily used by poor and minority groups from the Bronx in 1987. He ordered the reopening of the Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx, which New York City had closed to the public and converted to a police firing range.

Poor communities bear the brunt of environmental pollution, according to Kennedy. "Polluters always choose the vulnerable victim of poverty," he said at the 2016 SXSW Eco environment conference in Austin, Texas, noting that Chicago's south side has the largest number of hazardous waste dumps in America. In addition, he said that 80% of "uncontrolled hazardous waste dumps" can be found in black communities, with the country's biggest site being located in Emelle, Alabama, which is 90 percent black.

Kennedy, who began in 1985, helped develop the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC)'s international program for environmental, energy, and human rights, heading to Canada and Latin America to support indigenous tribes in defending their homelands and opposing large-scale energy and extractive projects in rural wilderness areas.

In 1990, Kennedy assisted indigenous Pehuenches in Chile in a marginally fruitful attempt to prevent the construction of a series of dams on Chile's historic Biobo River. All but one of the proposed dams was decommissioned during the campaign. He began in 1992 as a member of the Cree Indians of northern Quebec in their fight against Hydro-Québec, stopping the building of 600 new dams on eleven rivers in James Bay.

In 1993, Kennedy and NRDC, together with other American environmental organizations, clashed with other Indian environmental groups in a controversy over the right of Indians to own their own lands in Ecuador's Oriente region. In talks with Conoco, Kennedy, a confederation of Indian peoples, intending to limit oil production in Ecuadorian Amazon and, at the same time, benefit from resource extraction for Amazonian tribes. Kennedy, a vocal critic of Texaco for its new record for polluting the Ecuadorian Amazon.

Kennedy worked with five Vancouver Island Indian tribes in their fight to ban industrial logging by MacMillan Bloedel in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia, from 1993 to 1999.

Kennedy met with Cuban President Fidel Castro in 1996 to convince him to suspend his plans to build a nuclear power plant at Jura. Castro reminisced about Kennedy's father and uncle, implying that US relations with Cuba would have been much more effective if President Kennedy had not been assassinated.

Between 1996 and 2000, Kennedy and NRDC aided Mexican commercial fishermen to stop Mitsubishi's plan to build a salt plant in Laguna San Ignacio, a well-known Baja territory where gray whales bred and nursed their calves. Kennedy wrote extensively against the scheme and then went to Japan, speaking with Japanese Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi.

At Clifton Bay, New Providence Island, Jason Carter helped local environmental campaigners prevent Chaffin Light, a real estate developer, and Bechtel from building a big hotel and resort complex that, Kennedy said, threatened coral reefs and public beaches, which had been heavily used by local Bahamians. The new Bahami government has designated the area as a Heritage Park after this.

Kennedy was one of the first editors of Indian Country Today, North America's biggest Native American newspaper, when he appeared. In the Patagonia region of Chile, he was instrumental in the resistance to the damming of the Futaleuf River. Endesa, the Spanish power company that had the right to dam the river, reaffirmed its decision and suspended all claims to the Futaleuf, citing the pressure triggered by the Futaleuf Riverkeeper's campaign against the dams.

Kennedy has been a witness of environmental injustice carried out by the United States military. In 1993, he successfully represented the Suquamish and Duwamish Indian tribes in a lawsuit against the United States Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington, to prevent polluting Puget Sound.

In a 2001 article, Kennedy outlined how he sued the US Navy on behalf of fishermen and residents of Vieques, Puerto Rico's island, to prohibit weapons testing, bombing, and other military activities. Kennedy argued that the activities were unnecessary and that the Navy had mistakenly destroyed several endangered species, polluted the island's waters, endangered the residents' wellbeing, and damaged the country's economy. He was arrested for trespassing at Camp Garcia Vieques, the US Navy's training center, where he and others were protesting the use of a portion of the island for training. Kennedy spent 30 days in a maximum security jail in Puerto Rico. The trespassing incident prompted the suspension of live-fire exercises for nearly three hours. The litigation and demonstrations by Kennedy, as well as hundreds of Puerto Ricans who were also detained, culminated in the break of naval bombing in Vieques by president George Bush.

Kennedy wrote an article for the Chicago Tribune in 2003 naming the US federal government as "America's top polluter" and the US Department of Defense as the worst offenders. "Unexploded ordnance waste can be found on 16,000 military ranges, and more than half could be classified as biological or chemical weapons," the EPA's chief said.

Kennedy and his Waterkeepers waged a court and public relations war against pollution caused by factory farms for almost twenty years. He rallied resistance to factory farms among small independent farmers in the 1990s and organized a string of "National Summits" on factory meat products, as well as whistle stop tours around North Carolina, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Ohio, and Washington, DC. Kennedy sued factory farms in North Carolina, Oklahoma, Maryland, and Iowa, beginning in 2000. He wrote several articles on the subject, arguing that factory farms produce lower-quality, less nutritious food, and are detrimental to small family farmers by poisoning their air and water, lowering their property values, and using generous state and federal subsidies to enforce unfair competition against smaller farmers.

Premier Ralph Klein of Alberta, 1995, declared Kennedy persona non grata in the province due to Kennedy's activism against Alberta's large-scale hog production plants. Smithfield Foods filed a lawsuit in Poland against Kennedy, who was charged with criminalizing a company in 2002, after Kennedy announced the company in a debate with Smithfield's Polish chief before the Polish parliament.

Kennedy has been a promoter of a global shift away from fossil fuels to renewable energies. He has been particularly critical of the oil industry. He began his career with Riverkeeper at a time when the company discovered that Exxon was using its oil tankers to extract fresh water from the Hudson River to use in its Aruba refinery and export to the Caribbean Islands. Riverkeeper obtained a $2 million settlement against Exxon and campaigned for a state law prohibiting the activity. Kennedy filed a lawsuit against Mobil Oil for polluting the Hudson in one of his first environmental lawsuits.

In New York State, Kennedy was instrumental in the fight against fracking. He was one of the first supporters of natural gas as a viable bridge fuel to renewables and a more cost-effective substitute to coal. Nonetheless, he said he reacted angrily against this controversial extraction method after investigating the risks involved in public safety; climate; and road infrastructure. As a member of Governor Andrew Cuomo's fracking commission, Kennedy helped engineer the Governor's 2013 ban on fracking in New York State.

Kennedy initiated a national protest against the establishment of liquefied natural gas plants. Waterkeepers maintains a national database that tracks numerous crude oil spills every year. Kennedy was instrumental in Alaska's fight to save the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), the country's most valuable undisturbed ecosystem, from fracking.

In 2013, Kennedy helped the Chipewyan First Nation and the Beaver Lake Cree protect their property from tar sands production. During a march in February 2013, Pipeline Kennedy, Cooper, and his son, Conor, were arrested for blocking a thoroughfare in front of the White House. In August 2016, Kennedy and Waterkeeper became involved in demonstrations to prevent the Dakota Access pipeline from expanding across the Sioux Indian Standing Rock Reservation's water supply.

According to Kennedy, the only reason the oil industry is able to remain competitive against renewable and electric cars is because of significant direct and indirect subsidies and political acts on behalf of the oil industry. Kennedy said in a EnviroNews interview in June 2017, "That's what their plan is: to build as many miles of pipeline as possible." What the industry is trying to do is raise the bar of infrastructure so that our country will not be able to walk away from it.

Waterkeeper's "Clean Coal is a Deadly Lie" campaign began in 2001, bringing hundreds of lawsuits against mining operations, including mountaintop removal, slurry pond construction, and attacking mercury pollution and coal ash piles by coal-burning utilities, under Kennedy's leadership. The Waterkeeper alliance of Kennedy has also spearheaded resistance against coal exporting, particularly from terminals in the Pacific Northwest.

Kennedy has argued for replacing coal energy with renewable energy, which would reduce emissions and greenhouse gases while still improving air and water quality, the wellbeing of the people, and the number and quality of jobs. Bill Haney, a film director and co-written by Haney and Peter Rhodes, televised his award-winning film The Last Mountain, depicting Kennedy's fight against Appalachian mountaintop removal mining.

Kennedy has argued that conventional nuclear power is dangerous and not economically competitive. When he spoke at an anti-nuclear rally at the Hollywood Bowl on June 15, 1981, he made international news. With Stephen Stills, Bonnie Raitt, and Jackson Browne, he made international news on June 15, 1981.

In January 2017, Kennedy fought for victory over the Indian Point nuclear power plant in New York when the plant's boss, Andrew Cuomo and Entergy, agreed to close the plant by 2021. In 2004, Kennedy was included in the film Imagining the Unimaginable, directed by his sister and documentary filmmaker Rory Kennedy.

Kennedy has vehemently opposed dams, particularly those that affect indigenous populations.

Kennedy assisted in the 1991 resistance movement to prevent Hydro-Québec from constructing the James Bay Hydro-project, a massive dam project in northern Quebec.

In 1990 and 2016, his campaigns helped avoid dams on Chile's Biobo River and its Futaleuf River. He began what was ultimately futile attempt against a dam on Belize's Macal River in 2002. Kennedy called the Chalillo Dam "a boondoggle" and brought a high-profile litigation lawsuit against Fortis Inc., a Canadian power company and Belize's monopoly owner. The Privy Council of the United Kingdom upheld the Belizean government's decision to allow dam building in a 3–2 decision in 2003.

Kennedy traveled to Canada in 2004 to protest hydroelectric dams on Quebec's Magpie River, meeting with provincial officials and bringing foreign media and political visitors. In 2017, Hydro-Quebec abandoned plans for the dam.

Endesa, the Spanish hydroelectric syndicate, decided not to build dams on hundreds of Patagonia's rivers in November 2017. Thousands of miles of roads, power lines, and other infrastructure were completed in November 2017. Endesa regained control of the Chilean government. Kennedy and Riverkeeper's advocacy have been cited as vital factors in the company's decision, according to the Chilean press.

Kennedy clashed with national environmental organizations in 2005 over his opposition to the Cape Wind Project, a proposed offshore wind farm off the coast of Cape Cod in Nantucket Sound. Kennedy, who weighed in on Cape Cod's commercial fishing industry, argued that the scheme was a costly boondoggle. Several environmentalists were enraged by this position, and business groups and Republicans also attacked Kennedy, triggering criticism of Kennedy. In an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal, Kennedy said, "Vermont wants to bring its nuclear plant off line and replace it with clean, green electricity from HydroQuébec," a cost that is available to Massachusetts utilities at six cents per kilowatt hour (kwh). Cape Wind electricity comes in at 25 percent per kwh, based on conservative estimates and state statistics.

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