Robert Hooke

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Robert Hooke FRS (O.S.) vs. FRS (Octagon).

[18 July] (built 1735-1903) was an English natural philosopher, architect, and polymath. He was a financially poor scientific inquirer as a youth, but after his work as Surveyor to London after the fire, he appears to have completed more than half of all the surveys after the fire. At that time, he was also the curator of experiments of the Royal Society and a member of the board of its committee, Gresham Professor of Geometry.

He was also a great architect of his time — although some of his buildings survive and some of those are unfortunately misattributed — and was instrumental in the development of a system of planning controls for London, the majority of which remains today.

He was portrayed by Allan Chapman as "England's Leonardo" during his time at Wadham College, Oxford, where he joined a tightly knit group of ardent Royalists led by John Wilkins.

He served as an assistant to Thomas Willis and Robert Boyle, for whom he designed the vacuum pumps used in Boyle's gas law experiments and carried out the experiments themselves.

He designed some of the first Gregorian telescopes and followed Mars and Jupiter's rotations.

Life and works

Hooke's early life is based on an autobiography that he began in 1696 but never finished. In his introduction to Robert Hooke's Unlikely Works, Richard Waller mentions it. In 1705, a S.R.S. was published in 1705. The Waller, as well as John Ward's Lives of the Gresham Professors (with a list of his major works) and John Aubrey's Brief Lives, together with John Ward's biography, constitute the major near-contemporaneous biographical account of Hooke.

Robert Hooke was born in Freshwater, New Zealand, to Cecily Gyles and John Hooke, Anglican priests, and John Hooke, the curate of Freshwater's Church of All Saints, in 1635. Both ministers, Father John Hooke's two brothers, Robert's paternal uncles, were also ministers. When he escaped to the Isle of Wight, a royalist, John Hooke most likely was among a group that came to pay their respects to Charles I. Robert, who was also eager to attend the cathedral, will become a stal monarchist. Robert was the youngest of four siblings, two boys, and two girls by seven years old. Their father attended a local school as well, but at least partially homeschooled Robert Frail of health. Robert Hooke, a young boy, was fascinated by observation, mechanical works, and drawing. He dismantled a brass clock and made a wooden replica that was reportedly "good enough." He gathered his own drawing elements from coal, chalk, and ruddle (iron ore).

Robert inherited 40 pounds after his father's death in 1648. He came to London with the intention of starting an apprenticeship and met briefly with Samuel Cowper and Peter Lely, but was refused admission by Westminster's headmaster Dr. Richard Busby. Hooke mastered Latin and Greek, masterminded Euclid's Elements, learned to play the piano, and began his lifelong study of mechanics.

Hooke (who had also taken up twenty lessons on the organ) gained a chorister's seat at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1653. Hooke was sent as a "chemical assistant" to Dr. Willis, for whom Hooke had a great admiration. Robert Boyle, a natural philosopher, worked as his assistant from 1655 to 1662, designing, operating, and showing Boyle's "machina Boyleana" or air pump. A Master of Arts degree was not granted until 1662. Hooke's 1659 novel in Wilkins included certain aspects of a heavier-than-air flight but concluded that human muscles were insufficient to the task.

Hooke himself characterized his Oxford days as the source of his lifelong interest in science, and the ones he made there were of utmost importance to him throughout his career, especially Christopher Wren. Wadham was still under John Wilkins' direction, and he left a lasting impression on Hooke and those around him. Wilkins was also a Royalist, and he was acutely aware of the times' turmoil and chaos. There was a sense of urgency in preserving the scientific work that was seen as endangered by the Protectorate. Wilkins' "philosophical meetings" in his research were evidently important, but no records of his study were retained, except for the experiments that Boyle conducted in 1658 and published in 1660. This group went on to establish the Royal Society's nucleus. Hooke invented an air pump for Boyle's experiments based on Ralph Greatorex's pump, which was deemed "too gross to do any good work" in Hooke's words. Hooke is said to have a keen eye and was an excellent mathematician, neither of which applied to Boyle. Hooke has been quoted as having made the observations and may have figured out the mathematical calculations of Boyle's law. Nonetheless, Hooke was a highly respected assistant to Boyle, and the two were regarded with skepticism.

Hooke from Wilkins' library on Willis' pioneering De anima brutorum was a memento at John Tillotson's invitation. This book is now available in the Wellcome Library. Wilkins' hand and the book's inscription on Hooke's hand are a testament to his continuing popularity.

The Royal Society was founded in 1660, and in April 1661, Hooke published a short tract on the rise of water in slender glass pipes in which Hooke noted that the elevation rose was related to the pipe bore (due to what is now called capillary action). In Micrography Observation, his account of this phenomenon was later published. Issue 6: In which he also investigated the principles of "the fluidity of gravity," he investigated the exact nature of gravity. Sir Robert Moray suggested that a Curator be named to provide the society with Experiments on November 5th, 1661, but this was unanimously accepted with Hooke being named. His appointment was made on November 12th, with thanks to Dr. Boyle for returning him to the Society's service.

Sir John Cutler, a Mechanick Lecturer, received a fifty-pound gratuity on the Society for the establishment of a Mechanick Lecture in 1664, and the Fellows named Hooke to this task. He was confirmed to the office on June 27, 1664, and Curator by Office on January 11, 1665, receiving an additional £30 to Cutler's annuity.

Hooke's job at the Royal Society was to perform experiments by his own methods or at the suggestion of members. Among his first protests were discussions about the quality of air, the introduction of glass bubbles sealed with soaring hot air, and demonstrating that the Pabulum vitae and flammae were one and the same. He also demonstrated that a dog could be kept alive with its thorax open, provided that air was pumped into and out of its lungs, and that there were no differences between venous and arterial blood. Gravity, object weighing, body weighing, and measuring barometric pressure at various heights were also carried out, as well as pendulums up to 200 ft long (61 m).

Instruments were created to measure a second of arc in the sun's or other celebrities' movements, as well as an engine to cut teeth for watches, which was much finer than could be managed by hand, and was, until Hooke's death, which was still in use.

Hooke made his microscopy findings in 1663 and 1664, then collated in Microscopy in 1665.

Hooke succeeded Arthur Dacres as Gresham Professor of Geometry on March 20th, 1664. Hooke obtained the degree of "Doctor of Physic" in December 1691.

Dr Hooke is reportedly associated with Thomas Newcomen's development of the steam engine, but it is a myth. In 1936, Rhys Jenkins, a former President of the Newcomen Society, told this tale. Jenkins traced the origins of the story to an essay by Dr. John Robison (1739–1805) in the third edition of the "Encyclopdia Britannica," which states that there are notes of discovery by Hooke's newspaper on Papin's boasted method of transmitting the action of an mill by means of pipes, and that Hooke discourages Newcomen from erecting a machine on this principle. Jenkins points out a number of mistakes in Robison's essay, as well as questions about whether the correspondent may have been Newton, whom Hooke is said to have corresponded with, and the word being misread as Newcomen. Mr. H W Dickinson of Hooke's papers, which had been bound together in the middle of the 18th century, found a new trace in the middle of the nineteenth century. i.e. There is no sign of any correspondence between Hooke and Newcomen before Robison's time, which was meticulously saved since. Jenkins concluded, "this tale must be deleted from the steam engine's history, if documentary evidence is available."

No such evidence has been found in the intervening years since 1936, but the tale persists. For example, Hooke wrote in a book published in 2011 that it is said that in a letter dating back to 1703 Hooke, the Newcomen suggest that Condensing steam propel the piston.

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