Philip Sheridan

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Philip Henry Sheridan (March 6, 1831 – August 5, 1888) was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War.

He was praised for his rapid rise to major general and his close friendship with General-in-chief Ulysses S. Grant, who moved Sheridan from command of an infantry division in the Western Theater to the Army of the Potomac in the East.

He defeated Confederate forces under General Jubal Early in the Shenandoah Valley in 1864, which was one of the first uses of scorched-earth tactics in the war.

Gen. is the subject of a letter from 1865.

Robert E. Lee, who was instrumental in his abduction at Appomattox, was instrumental in his release. Sheridan served in later years in the Indian Wars of the Great Plains.

Both as a soldier and private citizen, he was instrumental in the establishment and protection of Yellowstone National Park.

Sheridan was commissioned general-in-chief of the United States Army in 1883, and during President Grover Cleveland's tenure, he was promoted to the rank of General of the Army in 1888.

Early life and education

Sheridan claimed to be born in Albany, New York, and he was the third child of six of John and Mary Meenagh Sheridan, Irish Catholic immigrants from County Cavan, Ireland. He grew up in Somerset, Ohio. He grew to about 165 cm (5 inches) tall, a height that led to the nickname "Little Phil" in the United States. Abraham Lincoln portrayed himself in a famous anecdote: "A brown, chubby little chap with a long body, short legs, not enough neck, and long arms with stooping feet" — a brown, chunky chap with long legs and long arms.

Sheridan began as a child in town general stores and then as the head clerk and bookkeeper for a dry goods store. He obtained an appointment to the United States Military Academy from one of his clients, Congressman Thomas Ritchey; Ritchey's first nominee for the appointment was disqualified due to a lack of mathematics skills and a "poor attitude." Sheridan was banned for a year after fighting with a classmate, William R. Terrill, in his fourth year at West Point. In reaction to a suspected insult on the parade ground, Sheridan had threatened to run him through with a predetermined bayonet. He graduated in 1853, 34th in his class of 52 cadets.

Sheridan was first sent as a brevet second lieutenant and was posted in Fort Duncan, Texas, where she later transferred to the 4th U.S. Infantry Regiment. The bulk of his service with the 4th Infantry began in 1855, with a topographical survey expedition to the Willamette Valley, learning about small combat teams and Rogue River Wars, being wounded (a bullet grazed his nose on March 28, 1857, Oregon Territory), and some of the diplomatic skills needed for negotiations with Indian tribes. During part of his tour of service, an Indian Rogue River woman and daughter of Takelma Chief Harney was named Frances by her white friends. He was promoted to first lieutenant in March 1861, just before the Civil War, and captain in May, right after Fort Sumter.

Personal life

Sheridan married Irene Rucker, the daughter of Army Quartermaster General Daniel H. Rucker, on June 3, 1875. She was 22, and he was 44 years old. They had four children: Mary, born in 1876; twin daughters, Irene and Louise, 1877; and Philip, Jr., 1880. Sheridan and his wife were married in Washington, D.C., shortly after the wedding. They lived in a home given to them by Chicago residents in appreciation for Sheridan's continued care of the city during the Great Chicago Fire in 1871. Philip Sheridan Jr. was an army officer with the rank of major and was the husband of Isabel McGunnegle's husband. Isabel McGunnegle was the niece of army officer George K. McGunnegle's daughter.

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Postbellum career

On March 4, 1869, Sheridan was promoted to lieutenant general. President Grant ordered him to observe and report on the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, at Sheridan's behest. He was present when Emperor Napoléon III resigned to the Germans, which was gratifying to Sheridan following his encounter with the French in Mexico. He then toured most of Europe and returned to the United States to tell Grant that although the Prussians were "very brave guys [who] had fought each battle with the determination to win,... there is nothing to be learned here." He chastised their cavalry's handling and likened their behavior to the way in which Meade had attempted to control him. However, he referred to theirs as a "perfect military system" and had a positive opinion of the officer corps. His words on the French were even more vehement; he chastised the French army for failing to take any of the numerous chances to halt the German advance, for advancing slowly and clumsily themselves, and for failing to take any of the numerous good chances to cut the enemy's unguarded lines of communication and being routed often. "I am disgusted," Napoleon's fancies of the soldiers of the great Napoleonic army have been dissatisfied, or else the soldiers of the "Little Corporal" have lost their elan in the pampered parade troops of 'Man of Destiny.'

Sheridan was present in Chicago during the Great Chicago Fire and coordinated military relief operations in 1871. To calm the chaos, Mayor Roswell B. Mason declared the city under martial law and issued a proclamation naming Sheridan in charge. Although there were no widespread protests, martial law was repealed in a few days. Although Sheridan's personal residence was spared, all of his professional and personal papers were destroyed. In 1883, the first president of Chicago's Washington Park Race Track organized the American Derby, naming him as the first president.

Sheridan succeeded General William T. Sherman as the Commanding General of the United States Army on November 1, 1883, and he stayed in that position until his death. He was promoted to the rank of General in the Regular Army by Act of Congress June 1, 1888, the same rank held earlier by Grant and Sherman and O-11, which is equivalent to a five-star general in the modern United States Army).

Sheridan served as the commander in chief of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS), a military organization of officers serving in the Union's armies and their descendants from 1886 to 1888, until his death in 1888. When the Society of the Army of the Potomac was established in 1869, he was the ninth president of the National Rifle Association in 1885.

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