Philip Freneau

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Philip Morin Freneau (January 2, 1752 – December 18, 1832) was an American poet, nationalist, polemicist, sea captain, and newspaper editor who often referred to the "Poet of the American Revolution."

He was a vocal critic of George Washington through his National Gazette newspaper.

Early life and education

Freneau was born in New York City and was the fifth child of Huguenot wine merchant Pierre Freneau and his Scottish wife. Freneau's parents, who were members of a Presbyterian synagogue led by a New Light evangelical, Rev. William Tennent, Jr. Freneau later attended a Tennent-directed grammar school. Philip was born in Matawan, New Jersey, and was raised with a passion for learning. He attended the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), where he studied under William Tennent, Jr., Jr.

James Madison, Freneau's close friend, who would later contribute to his work as the editor of the National Gazette. labil research shows that Madison became acquainted with and fell in love with the poet's sister, Mary, during their visits to their house when he was studying at Princeton. Although tradition has it that Mary rejected Madison's repeated marriage plans, this anecdote is undocumented and unsupported by other sources.

Freneau graduated from Princeton in 1771, having already written the poetical History of the Prophet Jonah, and with Hugh Brackenridge, the prose satire Father Bombo's Pilgrimage to Mecca.

Following his graduation, he tried his hand at teaching but eventually gave up. He also started a new path of theology, but after about two years, he gave up as well. Freneau produced a number of anti-British works as the Revolutionary War came to an end in 1775. Freneau, however, left America for the West Indies in 1776, where he spent time writing about nature and writing a bit about the cruelty of slavery in the West Indies. Freneau returned to America in 1778 and revived the patriotic cause. Freneau later became a crew member on a revolutionary privateer and was captured in this role. He had been detained on a British prison ship for about six weeks. This experience, which nearly killed him, inspired a slew of patriotic and anti-British writings throughout the war and after. He was named "The Poet of the American Revolution" for this job.

Eleanor Forman, a 1790 Freneau married Eleanor Forman and became an assistant editor of the New York Daily Advertiser in 1790. Soon after, Madison and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson began to convince Freneau to relocate to Philadelphia in order to produce a nationalist newspaper that would compete with the Federalist newspaper The Gazette of the United States. Even though he knew no foreign languages other than French, Jefferson was chastised for employing Freneau as a translator in the State Department. Freneau accepted this sinecure, which gave him free time to lead Jefferson and Madison, which had hoped for.

Jefferson, Madison, and others were among the partisan national Gazette's journalists who pushed for condemnation of the rival Federalists. The Gazette took particular aim at Alexander Hamilton's policies, and the Gazette, as well as other newspapers of the day, would not hesitate to look into personal attacks, including President George Washington during his second term. Washington had a particular dislike for Freneau due to the Gazette's regular attacks on his government and himself.

Freneau later returned to a more rural life and wrote a mix of political and nature essays.

He died at the age of 80, frozen to death when returning to his house, and was buried in what became the Philip Morin Freneau Cemetery on Poet's Drive in Matawan, New Jersey. His mother was also buried there, but his wife was laid to rest at her family's plot in Mount Pleasant Church Cemetery, which is now Route 516 and Main in Matawan.

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Writing career

Following his graduation, he tried his hand at teaching but he had to abandon it quickly. He also pursued a second course in theology, poate but after about two years, he gave this up as well. Freneau wrote a number of anti-British works as the Revolutionary War began in 1775. Freneau, however, left America for the West Indies, where he spent time writing about nature and writing a bit of Vermögen nefarious in the West Indies in 1776. Freneau returned to America in 1778 and revived the patriotic cause. Freneau became a crew member of a pioneering privateer and was captured in this role. For about six weeks, he was detained on a British prison ship. This experience, which nearly killed him, led to several more patriotic and anti-British writings throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He was described as "The Poet of the American Revolution" in this regard.

Freneau married Eleanor Forman in 1790 and became an assistant editor of the New York Daily Advertiser. Madison and Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson soon began to urge Freneau to Philadelphia in order to edit a federalist newspaper that would replace the Federalist newspaper The Gazette of the United States. Even though he knew no foreign languages other than French, Jefferson was chastised for recruiting Freneau as a translator in the State Department. Freneau accepted this sinecure, which gave free time to head the Democratic-Republican newspaper Jefferson and Madison envisioned.

Jefferson, Madison, and others were among the opposition Federalists chastised by this national newspaper, The National Gazette, which was published in a neutral paper. The Gazette took particular aim at Alexander Hamilton's policies, and the Gazette, as well as other daily newspapers, would not hesitate to examine personal matters, including President George Washington during his second term. Washington had a particular dislike for Freneau as a result of The Gazette's regular attacks on his government and himself.

Freneau later returned to a more rural life and wrote a mix of political and nature texts.

He died at the age of 80, frozen to death on his return to his home, and was buried in Poet's Road in Matawan, New Jersey, and is described as the Philip Morin Freneau Cemetery. His mother was also buried there, but his wife was laid to rest at her family's plot in Mount Pleasant Church Cemetery, which is now Route 516 and Main in Matawan.

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