Percy Bysshe Shelley

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Percy Bysshe Shelley (listen) BISH, 4 August 1792 to 8 July 1822, is one of the top English Romantic poets of English literature and one of the most influential writers.

Shelley did not gain renown during his lifetime, but recognition of his poetry's contributions has steadily increased following his death. Sheey was a pioneer in his poetry as well as in his political and social convictions.

Shelley was a central figure in a small circle of visionary poets and writers that included Lord Byron, John Keats, Leigh Hunt, Thomas Love Peacock, Thomas Love Peacock, and Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein. Shelley is perhaps best known for her classic poems "Ozymandias," "Ode to the West Wind," "To a Skylark," "Music, When Soft Voices Die," "The Cloud," and The Masque of Anarchy.

Heus Unbound (1820) – his other major works include a groundbreaking verse drama, The Cenci (1819), a long-visionary, and philosophical poems such as Queen Mab (later reworked as The Daemon of the World), Alastor, The Resurrection of Islam, and Prosecutors' The Triumph of Life (1822), The Triumph of Life (1820). Shelley's close circle of friends included some of the day's greatest progressive thinkers, including his father-in-law, the scholar William Godwin, and Leigh Hunt.

Though Shelley's poetry and prose output remained stable throughout his life, most publishers and journals refused to publish his articles out of fear of being arrested for either blasphemy or sedition.

Shelley's poetry at one time only attracted a young audience during his day, but today, his poetic contributions, as well as his political and social thought, have a broader presence in England and reach back to the present day.

Shelley's economics and morality, for example, had a major influence on Karl Marx; his early – perhaps first – writings on nonviolent resistance inspired Leo Tolstoy, who wrote about Mahatma Gandhi and others practicing nonviolence during the American civil rights movement; and later on the American civil rights movement inspired him. Shelley became a lodestar to the next three or four generations of poets, including notable Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite writers such as Robert Browning and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.

Oscar Wilde, Thomas Hardy, George Bernard Shaw, Leo Tolstoy, Bertrand Russell, W. B. Yeats, Upton Sinclair, and Isadora Duncan all admired him.

Henry David Thoreau's Civil Disobedience was apparently inspired by Shelley's writings and theories on nonviolence in protest and political activity.

Shelley's fame and clout have only increased in contemporary poetry circles.

Life

Shelley was born in 1792 at Field Place in Warnham, West Sussex, England. He was the eldest son of Sir Timothy Shelley (1790-1812), a Whig Member of Parliament for Horsham from 1790 to 1812, and Elizabeth Pilfold (1763-186) the daughter of a successful butcher. He had four younger sisters and one much younger brother. Shelley's early childhood was safe and mostly happy. He was especially close to his sisters and his mother, who encouraged him to fish, fish, and ride. He was admitted to a day school run by the vicar of Warnham Cathedral, where he displayed an impressive memory and a talent for languages at age six.

In 1802, he entered the Syon House Academy of Brentford, Middlesex, where his cousin Thomas Medwin was a pupil. Shelley was bullied and dissatisfied at school, and she would have occasionally expressed vehement opposition. He also began suffering from nightmares, hallucinations, and sleep walking that were to afflict him throughout his life. Shelley's fascination with science supplemented his avid reading of stories of mystery, passion, and the supernatural. His siblings were often concerned about being exposed to his experiments with gunpowder, acids, and electricity during his holidays at Field Place. He blew up a paling fence with gunpowder back in school.

Shelley was born in 1804 and attended Eton College, a period when he later recalled with loathing. He was particularly vulnerable to gang violence, which the criminals described as "Shelley-baits." Shelley's aloofness, nonconformity, and refusal to participate in fagging have been blamed by a number of biographers and contemporaries. He was given the nickname "Mad Shelley" because of his peculiarities and violent rage. His fascination with occult and science grew, and contemporaries recall him blowing up a tree stump with gunpowder and trying to raise spirits with occult rituals. Shelley's senior years came under the influence of Dr. James Lind, a part-time instructor who fueled his interest in the occult and introduced him to liberal and radical writers. Shelley also became interested in Plato and Idealist philosophy, which he pursued in later years through self-study. Shelley, Richard Holmes, had a reputation as a classical scholar and a beloved eccentric by his time as a scholar and a respected eccentric.

Zastrozzi's first novel appeared in his last term at Eton, and he had a following among his classmates. Shelley completed Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire (written with Elizabeth), the verse melodrama St. Irvine, and the gothic novel St. Irvine (published 1811).

Shelley attended few lectures at Oxford, rather spending long hours reading and doing scientific experiments in the laboratory where he set up in his lab. Thomas Jefferson Hogg, a fellow student, became his closest friend. Shelley's popularity grew under Hogg's leadership, resulting in more radical and anti-Christian views. Such thoughts were controversial in Britain's reactionary political climate during Napoleonic France, and Shelley's father warned him against Hogg's clout.

Shelley published a series of anonymous political poems and tracts from 1810-1811, including The Necessity of Atheism (written in collaboration with Hogg) and A Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things. Shelley sent The Necessity of Atheism to all the bishops and heads of colleges at Oxford, and he was expected to appear before the college's peers, including Dean George Rowley. On the 25th of March 1811, Edward Hogg and his allies were expelled from Oxford after refusing to answer questions raised by college officials about whether or not he authored the pamphlet. Shelley's father, who heard of his son's dismissal, threatened to end all contact with Shelley unless he returned home and studied under tutors hired by him. Shelley's refusal to do so resulted in a father's death.

Shelley had met Harriet Westbrook, a pupil at the same boarding school as Shelley's sisters, in late December 1810. They corresponded often during the winter and also after Shelley had been banned from Oxford. Shelley testified in Harriet about her radical views on politics, faith, and marriage, and they eventually agreed that she was abused by her father and at school. Shelley's infatuation with Harriet began in the months after his expulsion, his resentment over the breakup of his marriage with his cousin Harriet Grove, and his unethical belief that he was suffering from a deadly disease. Eliza, Harriet Westbrook's elder sister, to whom Harriet was very close, encouraged the teenage girl's love with Shelley. Shelley's friendship with Harriet soared in July, as he was holidaying in Wales, and in reaction to her urgent demands for his protection, he returned to London in early August. Leaving aside his philosophical objections to matrimony, he and the sixteen-year-old Harriet went to Edinburgh on August 25th, 1811, and they were married there on August 28th.

At the announcement of the wedding, Harriet's father, John Westbrook, and Shelley's father, Timothy, cut off the bride and groom's allowances. (Shelley's father believed his son married beneath him because Harriet's father had earned his fortune in trade and was the owner of a tavern and coffee house.)

Shelley and Harriet stayed in Edinburgh for a month, with Hogg living under the same roof. The three boys arrived in York in October and Shelley moved to Sussex to discuss his father's affairs, leaving Harriet behind with Hogg. Shelley returned from her failed trip to discover that Eliza had joined Harriet and Hogg. Harriet confessed that Hogg had attempted to seduce her while Shelley had been away. Shelley, Harriet, and Eliza were soon dismissed for Keswick, leaving Hogg in York.

Shelley was also interested in a close platonic friendship with Elizabeth Hitchener, a 28-year-old unmarried school teacher of advanced beliefs with whom he had been corresponding at the time. As he developed his theories on politics, faith, ethics, and personal relationships, Hitchener, whom Shelley referred to as "my soul" and "my second self," became his confidante and intellectual companion. Shelley suggested that she, Harriet, and Eliza be grouped in a joint household in which all property would be shared.

Shelley and Eliza spent December and January in Keswick, where Shelley visited Robert Southey, whose poetry he adored. Despite a huge divide between them politically, Southey was taken with Shelley, and the writer predicted big things for him as a writer. William Godwin, author of Political Justice, had a major influence on him in his youth and whom Shelley also admired, was still alive, according to Southey. Shelley wrote to Godwin, pledging himself as his faithful disciple. Shelley should reconcile with his father, become a scholar before he publishes anything else and give up his long-awaited demands for political activism in Ireland, according to Godwin, who has changed many of his earlier radical views.

Shelley had a visit to Charles Howard, the 11th Duke of Norfolk who was assisting in Shelley's reinstatement of his pension. Shelley now had the funds for his Irish venture with Harriet's allowance also restored. Shelley's scientific experiments, pistol firing, and radical political views all contributed to their expulsion from Ireland. Shelley said he had been assaulted in his house by ruffians, which may have been real or a delusional case triggered by anxiety. This was the first of a sequence of events in subsequent years in which Shelley said she had been attacked by strangers during times of personal hardship.

Shelley wrote, published, and distributed in Dublin three political tracts; An Address to the Irish People; Proposals for a Union of Philanthropists; and the Declaration of Rights. He made a speech at a meeting of O'Connell's Catholic Committee in which he called for Catholic emancipation, repeal of the Acts of Union, and an end to the oppression of the Irish poor. Shelley's subversive activities were sent to the Home Secretary by a note.

The Shelley family returned from Ireland and Devon, where they were once more under government surveillance for publishing subversive books. Elizabeth Hitchener arrived in Devon but a few months later had a falling out with the Shelleys and left the island.

Shelley's family had lived in Tremadog, Wales, where Shelley worked on Queen Mab, a utopian allegory with extensive notes advocating atheism, free love, republicanism, and vegetarianism. The poem appeared in a private edition of 250 copies the following year, but few were initially released due to the danger of lawsuits for seditious and religious libel.

Shelley said he was assaulted at night in February 1813. The occurrence may have been real, a hallucination brought on by stress, or a shelley he staged to conceal government surveillance, creditors, and his political involvement. The Shelleys and Eliza went to Ireland, then London, before heading to Ireland.

Shelley's debts soared as he tried unsuccessfully to find a financial settlement with his father. Shelley and his wife's marriage began on June 23nd, and the relationship between Shelley and his wife deteriorated in the months after. Shelley retained the power over Harriet's mother, Shelley, while Harriet Boinville and her daughter Cornelia Turner alienated Harriet, who was alienated by Shelley's close association with an attractive widow. Following Ianthe's birth, the Shelleys travelled frequently across London, Wales, Scotland, and Berkshire to avoid creditors and look for a home.

Shelley remarried Harriet in London in March 1814 to resolve any doubts about the legality of their Edinburgh wedding and ensure the rights of their children. Nevertheless, the Shelleys lived apart for the majority of the ensuing months, and Shelley reflected bitterly on "my rash & heartless friendship with Harriet."

Shelley began visiting Godwin almost every day, and then fell in love with Mary, Godwin's sixteen-year-old daughter and late feminist author Mary Wollstonecraft. During a visit to her mother's grave in the churchyard of St Pancras Old Church on June 26, Shelley and Mary declared their love for each other. Shelley told Godwin that he wanted to leave Harriet and live with Mary, his mentor barred him from the house and barred Mary from seeing him. Shelley and Mary eloped to Europe on July 28th, taking Mary's step-sister Claire Clairmont with them. Shelley had obtained a loan of £3,000 but had left the majority of the funds at the disposal of Godwin and Harriet, who was now pregnant. Godwin's financial partnership sparked rumors that he sold his children to Shelley.

Shelley, Mary, and Claire spent their way across war-ravaged France, where Shelley wrote to Harriet, requesting that she meet them in Switzerland with the funds he had left for her. The three travelled to Germany and Holland before returning to England on September 13, hearing nothing from Harriet in Switzerland and being unable to obtain sufficient funds or suitable accommodation.

Shelley spent the next few months trying to raise loans and avoid bailiffs. Mary was pregnant, lonely, depressed, and sick. She was not uplifted when she learned that Harriet had given birth to Charles Bysshe Shelley, the heir to the Shelley fortune and baronetcy. This was followed by the news that Shelley's grandfather, Sir Bysshe, died leaving an estate worth £220,000 in early January 1815. Shelley and his father's financial agreement (now Sir Timothy) was not completed until April the following year.

In February 1815, Mary gave birth to a baby girl who died ten days later, deepening her depression. Mary became close to Hogg in the following weeks after she briefly moved into the household. Shelley was almost certainly having a sexual relationship with Claire at this point, and it is likely that Mary, with Shelley's assistance, was also having a sexual relationship with Hogg. Claire left the family in Lynmouth in May after Mary's insistence that they live.

Shelley and Mary moved to Bishopsgate, where Shelley worked on Alastor, a long poem in blank verse based on the myth of Narcissus and Echo. Alastor's original edition of 250 was published in early 1816 despite poor sales and mostly unfavorable critiques from the conservative press.

Mary Shelley gave birth to William Shelley on January 24th. Shelley was delighted to have another son, but he was also suffering from the rigors of ongoing financial talks with his father, Harriet and William Godwin. Shelley seemed to be delusional and was considering an escape to the continent.

Claire began a sexual relationship with Lord Byron in April 1816, just before his self-exile on the continent, and then arranged for Byron to visit Shelley, Mary and her in Geneva. Shelley adored Byron's poetry and had sent him Queen Mab and other poems. Shelley's party arrived in Geneva in May and rented a house near Villa Diodati, on the shores of Lake Geneva, where Byron was staying. Shelley, Byron, and others are among those discussing literature, science, and "various philosophical beliefs" in the course of literature, technology, and "various philosophical doctrines." Shelley suffered a severe panic attack with hallucinations one night when Byron was reciting Coleridge's Christabel. Mary's previous night, she had a more satisfying vision or nightmare that inspired her book Frankenstein.

Shelley and Byron followed Shelley on a boating tour around Lake Geneva, which inspired Shelley to write his "Hymn to Intellectual Beauty," his first substantial poem since Alastor. A tour of Chamonix in the French Alps inspired "Mont Blanc," which has been described as an atheistic reaction to Coleridge's "Hymn Before Sunrise in the Vale of Chamoni." Shelley wrote a note in guest books announcing that he was an atheist during this tour. Other British tourists, including Southey, had these remarks, which inflamed suspicions against Shelley back home.

When Byron was told that Claire was pregnant with his child, their relationship was strained. Shelley, Mary, and Claire left Switzerland in late August with plans for the baby's arrival still unclear, though Shelley made arrangements for Claire and the baby in his will. Claire gave birth to a daughter by Byron, who she named Alba, in January 1817, but Allegra was renamed Allegra later in accordance with Byron's wishes.

Shelley and Mary returned to England in September 1816, and they learned that Mary's half-sister Fanny Imlay had killed herself in early October. Fanny had been in love with Shelley, and Shelley herself suffered with depression and grief as a result of her death, according to Godwin. Shelley's estranged wife Harriet drowned herself in the Serpentine in December. Harriet, a pregnant woman and living alone at the time, believed she had been abandoned by her new lover. Shelley begged Shelley to take custody of their son Charles but to leave their daughter in Eliza's care.

Shelley married Mary Godwin on December 30th, despite her philosophical reservations about the school. The marriage was supposed to help Shelley's children by Harriet's custody and to appease Godwin, who had refused to see Shelley and Mary because of their previous adulterous marriages. The Court of Chancery decided Shelley and Harriet's children were eventually adopted by foster parents on the grounds that Shelley had abandoned his first wife for Mary without reason and was an atheist.

Shelleys moved to Marlow, Buckinghamshire, where Shelley's neighbor Thomas Love Peacock lived in March 1817. Claire and her baby Allegra were among the Shelley household members, both of whom were resented by Mary. Shelley's generosity with money and rising debt contributed to financial and marital instability, as did Godwin's regular requests for financial assistance.

Clara Everina Shelley gave birth to her first child on September 2nd. Shelley and Claire left London soon after, which heightened Mary's resentment toward her step-sister. Shelley was detained in London for two days over money owed, and lawyers visited Mary Marlowe in Marlowe about Shelley's debts.

Shelley was a member of Leigh Hunt's literary and political circle, and during this period he met William Hazlitt and John Keats. Shelley's best work during this period was Laon and Cythna, a long narrative poem containing both persecution and attacks on faith. After publication was delayed due to allegations of religious libel, it was re-edited and reissued as The Revolt of Islam in January 1818. Shelley also released two political tracts under a pseudonym: A Proposal for bringing Reform to the People of the Kingdom (March 1817) and An Address to the People in Charlotte (1817). "Ozymandias" became one of his finest sonnets in December as part of a competition with friend and fellow poet Horace Smith.

The Shelleys and Claire left England on March 12th, 1818, to escape its "civil and religious" government. Shelley had also been invited to Italy for his persistent lung disease, and Shelley had arranged a visit to her father, Byron, who was then in Venice.

Shelley and baby Clara at Bagni di Lucca (in today's Tuscany) after traveling for months through France and Italy, Shelley visited Byron and Clara, while driving with Claire to Venice to see Byron and make reservations for visiting Allegra. Shelleys were kindly invited by Byron to remain at his summer home in Este, and Shelley begged Mary to visit him there. Clara became ill on the journey and died in Venice on September 24. Mary was depressed and emotional upset after Clara's death. Shelley's was a long period of sadness and confusion.

On December 1, the Shelleys arrived in Naples, where they stayed for three months. Shelley was sick, depressed, and almost suicide during this period: a state of mind reflected in his poem "Stanzas," written in Dejection, near Naples, November 1818.

Elena Adelaide Shelley (born 27 December), the father and mistakenly naming Mary as the mother, as Shelley in Naples registered the birth and baptism of a baby girl. Elena's mother was never identified in a concrete way. Biographers have varyingly assumed that Shelley had adopted Claire for the death of Clara, that Shelley's child was his nephew to his servant Elise Foggi, or that she was the niece of a "mysterious lady" who had followed Shelley to the continent. Shelley registered the birth and baptism on February 27th in 1819, but the family moved to Rome the next day, leaving Elena with carers. Elena was scheduled to die in a poor suburb of Naples on June 9th.

Shelley was in poor health in Rome, possibly suffering from nephritis and tuberculosis, which later became remission. Despite this, he made significant progress on three main projects: Julian and Maddalo, Proshenet Unbound, and The Cenci. Julian and Maddalo is an autobiographical poem that explores Shelley and Byron's relationship as well as Shelley's personal tragedies of 1818 to 1819. The poem was published in 1819 but not in Shelley's lifetime. Proesheus Unbound is a long poem based on Aeschylus' retelling of the Proschylus myth. It was designed in late 1819 and first published in 1820. The Cenci is a verse drama of rape, murder, and incest based on the life of Renaissance Count Cenci of Rome and his daughter Beatrice. Shelley finished the play in September in September, and the first edition was published the following year. It was to become one of his most well-known paintings and the only one to have two authorized copies in his lifetime.

William Shelley's three-year-old son died in June, presumably from malaria. Shelley's health deteriorated as a result of the latest tragedy, which also exacerbated Mary's depression. "We've now lived five years together," she wrote on August 4th. I might have been happies as a result of all the events of the five-years.

Shelleys were now living in Livorno, where Shelley heard of the Peterlo Massacre of peaceful demonstrators in Manchester in September. He had written one of his most popular political poems, The Mask of Anarchy, in two weeks and delivered it to Leigh Hunt for publication. Hunt, on the other hand, chose not to release it out of fear of retaliation for seditious libel. The poem was only published in 1832.

Shelleys travelled to Florence in October, where Shelley read a scathing review of the Revolt of Islam (and its earlier counterparts Laon and Cythna) in the conservative Quarterly Review. Shelley was enraged by the personal attack on the essay, which he mistakenly believed had been written by Southey. The author's resentment with the report lasted for the remainder of his life.

Percy Florence Shelley, Mary's mother, gave birth to a boy on November 12th. The Shelleys first met Sophia Stacey, a ward of one of Shelley's uncles and was living at the Shelleys' pension around the time of Percy's birth and was living in the same pension as the Shelleys. Sophia, a gifted harpist and singer, formed a friendship with Shelley while Mary was preoccupied with her newborn baby. Shelley wrote at least five love poems and fragments for Sophia, including "Song written for an Indian Air."

The Shelleys immigrated to Pisa in January 1820, ostensibly to consult a doctor who had been recommended to them. Margaret Mason, an Irish republican, and her common-law husband George William Tighe became mates there. Mrs Mason inspired Shelley's poem "The Sensitive Plant," and Shelley's discussions with Mason and Tighe influenced his political opinion and his critical interest in Thomas Malthus' population theories.

Shelley told her friends in March that Mary had been depressed, suicidal, and hostile toward him. Shelley was also plagued by financial difficulties as creditors from England demanded his money and he was expected to make secret payments in connection with his "Neapolitan charge" Elena.

Shelley was writing A Philosophical Vision of Reform, a political essay that he had begun in Rome. The unfinished essay, which was unpublished in Shelley's lifetime, has been described as "one of the most sophisticated and sophisticated documents of political philosophy in the nineteenth century."

Shelley reported that he had been attacked in the Pisan post office by a man accusing him of violent offences in June. Shelley's biographer James Bieri believes this incident was possibly a delusional episode accompanied by extreme stress, as Shelley was being blackmailed by a former employee, Paolo Foggi, over baby Elena. Shelley is believed to have traced a child to Claire in Naples, which was later revealed by another former servant, Elise Foggi, that it was traced to a foundling home. Shelley, Claire and Mary denied this tale, but Elise later relished, but it was corrected.

Shelley wrote to John Keats that he was seriously ill in England in July, requesting that he stay with him at Pisa. Keats had hoped to see him, but instead, arrangements were made for Keats to fly to Rome. Shelley wrote Adonais, which Harold Bloom considers one of the major pastoral elegies following Keats' death in 1821. The poem was published in Pisa in July 1821, but it was only in Pisa that it was sold.

Shelley heard that baby Elena died on June 9th, 1820. In the months after Mary and Claire's death, the two families' friendships soured, and Claire spent the majority of the next two years separately from the Shelleys, mainly in Florence.

Shelley recalls meeting Teresa (Emilia) Viviani, the 19-year-old daughter of the Governor of Pisa and was living in a convent waiting for a suitable marriage in December. Shelley visited her numerous times over the next few months, sparking a lively chat which devolved after her marriage in September. Shelley's major poem Epipsychidion was inspired by Emilia's Emilia.

Shelley wrote "A Defence of Poetry" in March 1821, a reaction to Peacock's "The Four Ages of Poetry" in which she referred. Shelley's book "Poets are the world's unacknowledged administrators," with its concluding "Poets are the unacknowledged representatives of the world" and was unpublished in his lifetime.

Shelley and the family went alone to Ravenna in early August to see Byron, but she detourned to Livorno for a rendezvous with Claire. Shelley stayed with Byron for two weeks and invited the older poet to spend the winter in Pisa. Shelley wrote to Mary after Byron read his newly finished fifth canto of Don Juan: "I'm afraid of rivalling Byron."

In November, Byron moved to Villa Lanfranchi in Pisa, just across the river from the Shelleys. Byron was to be a central figure in Shelley, Thomas Medwin, Edward Williams, and Edward Trelawny's "Pisan circle."

Shelley became more close to Jane Williams, who was living in the Shelleys in the early months of 1822. Shelley wrote a number of love poems for Jane, including "The Serpent is locked out of Paradise" and "With a Guitar to Jane." Shelley's evident love for Jane was likely to cause increasing tension between Shelley, Edward Williams, and Mary.

Claire arrived in Pisa in April at Shelley's invitation and learned that her daughter Allegra died of typhus in Ravenna soon after. On the shores of the Gulf of La Spezia, the Shelleys and Claire moved to Villa Magni, near Lerici. Shelley served as a mediator between Claire and Byron over funeral arrangements for their daughter's burial, and Shelley was put into question as a result of the increased strain.

On June 16, Mary was almost dead from a miscarriage and her life was only saved by Shelley's timely first aid. Shelley wrote to a friend that there was no sympathy between Mary and him in the event of a disaster, and if the past and future could be obliterated, he'd be content in his boat with Jane and her guitar. He wrote to Trelawny the day before, asking for prussic acid. Shelley awakened the family this week after a nightmare or hallucination in which he saw Edward and Jane Williams as walking corpses and himself strangling Mary.

Shelley was writing his final major poem, The Triumph of Life, which Harold Bloom has described as "the most drained poem he ever wrote" at this time.

Shelley and Edward Williams sailed in Shelley's new boat, Don Juan, to Livorno, where Shelley and Leigh Hunt and Byron met in order to make reservations for a new journal, The Liberal. Shelley, Williams, and their boat boy were escorting out of Livorno for Lerici after the meeting on July 8. The Don Juan and its unexperienced crew were lost in a storm just a few hours later. The vessel, which had been a open boat, had been custom-built in Genoa for Shelley. In her book "Note on Poems of 1822" (1839), Mary Shelley reveals that the model was flawed and that the boat was never seaworthy. The Don Juan, on the other hand, was overcaptured; the sanking occurred as a result of a strong storm and poor seamanship of the three men on board.

Shelley's badly damaged body washed ashore at Viareggio ten days later, and Tre lawny identified the garment and a copy of Keats' Lamia in a jacket pocket. His body was cremated on a beach near Viareggio on August 16th and his remains were laid to rest in Rome's Protestant Cemetery.

The day after the news of his death made it to England, the Tory London newspaper The Courier announced: "Shelley, the author of some infidel poetry, has drowned; now he knows whether there is God or not."

Shelley's remains were reburied in a different plot at the cemetery in 1823. Cor Cordium (Heart of Hearts) and a few lines from Shakespeare's "Ariel's Song "Ariel's Song" are included in his grave.

Shelley's "unusually small" heart stopped raging on the beach, perhaps due to the calcification of a previous tubercular disease. Hunt, who kept it in spirits of wine but refused to give it over to Mary, was Trelawny's scorched heart. He finally relented and the heart was buried whether at St Peter's Church, Bournemouth, or Christchurch Priory.

Bysshe Shelley, Shelley's paternal grandfather, died in 1815. Shelley's paternal grandfather, Sir Bysshe Shelley, was born in 1806, became Sir Bysshe Shelley, First Baronet of Castle Goring. Shelley's father, Sir Bysshe's, inherited the baronetcy, becoming Sir Timothy Shelley.

Shelley was the eldest of many healthy children. Shelley had an older illegitimate brother, according to Bieri, but no one knew him. John (1806–1866), Margaret (1801–1887), Hellen (1799–1885), Hellen (1796–1836), and Elizabeth (1794–1831) were his younger siblings.

Shelley had two children by his first wife Harriet: Eliza Ianthe Shelley (1813-1846), and Charles Bysshe Shelley (1814-1826). He had four children by his second wife Mary (1816–1819), and Percy Florence Shelley (1819–1889). Shelley also identified himself as the father of Elena Adelaide Shelley (1818–1820), who may have been an unlegitimate or adopted daughter. Percy Florence became the Third Baronet of Castle Goring in 1844, following Sir Timothy Shelley's death.

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