Paul Nurse

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Sir Paul Maxime Nurse (born 25 January 1949) is an English geneticist, former President of the Royal Society, and Chief Executive and Director of the Francis Crick Institute.

He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2001, alongside Leland Hartwell and Tim Hunt for their discovery of protein molecules that regulate cell division in the cell cycle.

Early life and education

When waiting for Paul's birth (at the age of 18) in order to conceal illegitimacy, nurse's mother went from London to Norwich, Norfolk, and lived with relatives. His maternal grandmother pretended to be his mother for the remainder of their lives, while his mother pretended to be his sister.

In North West London, Paul was taken by his grandparents (whom he mistook to be his parents). He was educated at Lyon Park Grammar School in Alperton and Harrow County Grammar School. He obtained his BSc degree in biology from the University of Birmingham in 1970 and a PhD degree from the University of East Anglia in 1973 for study into Candida utilisation. He then pursued postdoctoral studies at the University of Bern, the University of Edinburgh, and the University of Sussex.

Nurses did not know that his "sister" was in fact his mother until he was in his 50s; despite being a Nobel Prize winner, president of a university, and a knight, his request for a green card for US residency was turned down, to his surprise; this was because he had submitted a short-form UK birth certificate that did not reveal his parents. He discovered the truth when applying for a complete birth certificate, to his astonishment.

Personal life

Anne Teresa (née Talbott) married Anne Teresa (née Talbott) in 1971; they have two children, Sarah, who works for ITV, and Emily, a physicist based at University College London and CERN. He describes himself as a skeptical agnostic.

Nurse has been a member of the Labour Party (UK) for nearly 40 years and is a member of Scientists for Labour, a Socialist Society affiliated to the Labour Party. In September 2020, he co-author on a letter in Nature with former Prime Minister Gordon Brown, stressing the importance of EU funding in the fight against COVID-19.

Nurse, a Birmingham undergraduate, sold Socialist Worker and served in an apprenticeship at the vice-chancellor's office. He continued to sell Socialist Worker as a student at East Anglia and was sympathetic to the International Socialist Tendency, but he never joined the campaign officially.

Even partially chastising scientists for not speaking out, the nurse has chastised potential Republican nominees for the US presidential nomination for opposing natural selection, stem cell research on human embryos, and anthropogenic climate change. "The home of Benjamin Franklin, Richard Feynman, and Jim Watson," he was worried that this could have occurred in the United States, a world leader in science.

One of the challenges, according to Nurse, was "treating scientific debate as if it were political debate," meaning rhetorical rather than logic. Another thing was the state of science education in the schools, which does not teach citizens how to think about science, especially in religious institutions, even in the United Kingdom. "We must emphasize why the scientific process is such a reliable source of wisdom for continuous experimentation of ideas," the nurse explained. In addition, Nurse believes that scientific figures "have a responsibility to reveal the bunkum." They should face politicians and expose nonsense during elections.

Nurse was one of 200 public figures signedatories to a letter sent to The Guardian in August 2014 pledging that Scotland will vote to remain a member of the United Kingdom in the United Kingdom's referendum in September.

Scientists, according to the nurse, should speak out against science in public affairs and sue politicians who favor pseudoscientism policies.

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Career and research

Nurse continued his postdoctoral work at the University of Edinburgh's Murdoch Mitchison lab for the next six years (1973-1999).

Nurse cdc2 in fission yeast was identified in 1976 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe). The cell cycle goes from G1 phase to S phase in this gene, as well as the transition from G2 phase to mitosis. Nurse discovered the homologous gene in humans, Cdk1, which stands for a cyclin dependent kinase.

Nurse, who works in fission yeast, discovered the gene cdc2, which controls the change from G1 to S, and G2 to M as the cell divides. With his postdoc Melanie Lee, Nurse discovered the same gene, CDK1, in humans. These genes are used to identify or delete phosphate groups from a cyclin dependent kinase (CDK).

Nurse was hired by the Imperial Cancer Research Fund in 1984 (ICRF, now Cancer Research UK). He arrived at Oxford in 1988 to chair the department of microbiology. In 1993, he returned to the ICRF as Director of Research, and in 1996, he became Cancer Research UK. He became president of Rockefeller University in New York City in 2003, where he continued research on the cell cycle of fission yeast. Nurse, the first Director and Chief Executive of the UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation, now the Francis Crick Institute, became the first Director and Chief Executive of the UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation in 2011.

Nurse succeeded astrophysicist Martin Rees for a five-year term as President of the Royal Society until 2015.

Good scientists must have passion "to know the answer to the questions" that concern them, as well as a set of behaviors including mental honesty, self-criticism, open-mindedness, and skepticism, according to a nurse.

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