Pablo Neruda

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Diplomatic and political career

Neruda was first given diplomatic posts in Buenos Aires and then Barcelona, Spain, after returning to Chile. Gabriela Mistral was consul in Madrid, where he joined writers such as Rafael Alberti, Federico Garca Lorca, and Peruvian poet César Vallejo. Malva Marina (Trinidad) Reyes, his only offspring, was born in Madrid in 1934. She was plagued with serious health issues, particularly hydrocephalus. She died in 1943 (nine years old) after spending the majority of her short life in the Netherlands after Neruda ignored and abandoned her, requiring her mother to work what she could. Half of the time was during Holland's Nazi period, when the Nazi mentality on birth defects denoted genetic inequalities at its peak. Neruda became estranged from his wife during this time and instead began a friendship with Delia del Carril, an Argentine artist who was 20 years older.

For the first time as Spain was engulfed in civil war, Neruda became intensely politicized. His experiences during the Spanish Civil War and its aftermath led him away from privately focused jobs in the direction of collective responsibility. Neruda lived a ardent Communist for the remainder of his life. His literary acquaintances, as well as del Carril's, were all contributing factors, but the execution of Garca Lorca by forces loyal to tyrant Francisco Franco was the most important catalyst. Neruda threw his support behind the Spanish Republic by way of his speeches and books, releasing the collection Espan en el corazón (Spain in Our Hearts, 1938). He resigned as consul because of his partisanship. He attended the Second International Writers' Congress in Valencia, Barcelona, and Madrid in July 1937, the intention of which was to address intellectuals' connection to the Spanish civil war.

Neruda's marriage to Vogelzang broke down, and he later obtained a divorce in Mexico in 1943. His estranged wife fled the hostilities in Spain and then to the Netherlands with their very ill only child, and he never saw either of them again. Neruda married Teresa del Carril in France, then marrying him (shortly after his divorce) in Tetectala in 1943, but Chilean authorities refused to recognize him as a criminal.

Neruda was appointed special Consul for Spanish emigrants in Paris after Pedro Aguirre Cerda's election (whom Neruda endorsed) as President of Chile in 1938. On an old ship named the Winnipeg, he was responsible for "the noblest mission I've ever undertaken": carrying 2,000 Spanish refugees from France's squalid camps to Chile. Neruda has been accused of selecting just fellow Communists for emigration, excluding others who had campaigned on the side of the Republic. During the German invasion and occupation, many Republicans and Anarchists were killed. Some deny these allegations, noting that Neruda selected just a few hundred of the 2,000 refugees personally; the remainder were selected by the Service for the Evacuation of Spanish Refugees set up by Juan Negrn, President of the Spanish Republican Republic of Exile.

Neruda's next diplomatic post was as Consul General in Mexico City from 1940 to 1943. When he was there, he married del Carril and learned that his daughter Malva had died in the Nazi-occupied Netherlands at the age of eight.

Neruda issued a Chilean visa for Mexican painter David Alfaro Siqueiros, who had been accused of being one of the conspirators in the assassination attempt against Leon Trotsky in 1940. Neruda later revealed that he did it on the order of the Mexican President, Manuel vila Camacho. This allowed Siqueiros, who was later found guilty, to leave Mexico for Chile, where he remained in Neruda's private residence. Siqueiros spent more than a year designing a mural in a Chillán school in exchange for Neruda's assistance. Neruda's friendship with Siqueiros sparked outrage, but Neruda denied the suggestion that his motivation was to assist an assassin as "sensationalist politico-literary haranching."

Neruda completed a tour of Peru in 1943, where he later inspired Alturas de Macchu Picchu, a book-length poem that expressed his increasing curiosity in the Americas' ancient civilizations. In Canto General (1950), he delves into this subject further. Neruda's in Alturas celebrated Machu Picchu's achievements, but also condemned slavery that had made it possible. He called on the dead of many centuries to be born again and to speak through him in Canto XII. Martn Espada, a poet and researcher of creative writing at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, has praised the work as a masterpiece, claiming that "there is no greater political poem."

Neruda, a left-leaning intellectual of his generation, was inspired by his experience in the Spanish Civil War, partly for its role in defeating Nazi Germany and partly because of an idealist interpretation of Marxism. This is echoed in poems like "Canto a Stalingrado" (1942) and "Nuevo canto de amor a Stalingrado" (1943). Neruda was given the Stalin Peace Prize in 1953. Neruda wrote an ode to him after Stalin's death the same year, as he wrote poetry in honor of Fulgencio Batista ("Salute to Batista") and later to Fidel Castro. Neruda and his long-time buddy, Octavio Paz, became "more Stalinist," with his fervent Stalinism, "while I became less enchanted with Stalin." Their differences came to a close after the 1939 Nazi-Soviet Ribbentrop–Moloto Pact confrontation, where they almost came to a halt in a dispute over Stalin. Although Paz rated Neruda as "the best writer of his generation" in an essay on Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, he wrote that he gets the gooseflesh from reading certain passages of the Inferno. They may have started with good intentions, but they soon found themselves embedded in a web of lies, deception, and deception, to say, until they lost their souls." Neruda read to 100,000 people at Pacaembu Stadium in So Paulo, Brazil, on July 15, 1945.

In a address delivered on June 5, Neruda recalled former Soviet leader Mikhail Kalinin, who for Neruda was "the greatest constructor of the future," and "a comrade in arms of Lenin and Stalin"; "the great genius of the twentieth century."

Neruda later expressed regret for his love for the Soviet Union, saying that "in those days, Stalin appeared to us the conqueror who had crushed Hitler's armies." "What has separated me from the Chinese revolution hasn't been Mao Tse-tung, but Mao Tse-tungism," Neruda said on a subsequent visit to China in 1957. "The repetition of a cult of a Socialist deity" was described by him. Despite his disillusionment with Stalin, Neruda never lost his core belief in Communist theory and remained loyal to "the Party" in its adherence to "the Party." Anxious not to fire his ideological rivals, he would later refuse to condemn the Soviet persecution of dissident writers such as Boris Pasternak and Joseph Brodsky, an act with which even some of his staunchest admirers disagreed.

Neruda was elected a Communist Senator for the northern provinces of Antofagasta and Tarapacá in the Atacama Desert on March 4th, 1945. He joined the Communist Party of Chile four months later. Gabriel González Videla, the Radical Party's presidential candidate, had asked Neruda to act as his campaign manager in 1946. González Videla was aided by a alliance of left-wing parties and Neruda adamantly campaigned for him. González Videla, a Latino, rebelled against the Communist Party and launched the Ley de Defensa Permanente de la Democracia (Law of Permanent Defense of Democracy). Senator Neruda's turning point was the violent suppression of a Communist-led miners' strike in Lota in October 1947, when striking workers were escorted into island military jails and a concentration camp in the town of Pisa. Neruda's critique of González Videla culminated in a dramatic speech in the Chilean senate on January 6, 1948, in which he read out the names of the miners and their families detained at the concentration camp.

Neruda was present at the Central University of Venezuela in 1959 as Fidel Castro was honoured at a welcome ceremony where he addressed a massive number of students and read his Canto a Bolivar. "My poem with shifts of location, in this tumultuous and triumphant hour for our peoples, can be traced to Fidel Castro," Luis Báez said, "because in the struggle for independence, a man's destiny may be traced to the spirit of greatness in the history of our peoples."

When Jorge Luis Borges, an Argentina writer, was asked for his opinion of Pablo Neruda in the late 1960s. "I think of him as a very good poet and a very good poet," Borges said. I don't like him as a man, but I think of him as a very cruel guy." Neruda said he did not speak out against Argentine President Juan Perón because he was afraid to risk his image, not to mention "I was an Argentina poet, he was a Chilean poet; I'm against them." "I thought he was behaving extremely well in avoiding a meeting that might have been stressful for both of us."

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