Novalis

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Novalis (German: [no'va?s]) was Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg, a poet, scholar, and Early German Romanticism scholar from May 1772 to May 1801, who died on May 1772.

Hardenberg's academic work and university experience, namely his investigation of mineralogy and the management of salt mines in Saxony, was often ignored by his younger readers.

The first studies establishing strong connections between his literary and professional works began in the 1960s.

Birth and early background

Novalis, who was baptized as Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr (Baron) von Hardenberg, was born in 1772 at his family's house in Saxony's Electorate, Schloss Oberwiederstedt, in the village of Wiederstedt, the 24th state capital. Hardenberg descended on ancient, Lower Saxon nobility. Heinrich Ulrich Erasmus Freiherr (Baron) von Hardenberg (1738–1814), the estate owner and a salt-mine manager in Novalis. Auguste Bernhardine (née von Böltzig), Heinrich's second wife, was his mother. Novalis was the second of eleven children in the United States. 5–7 Although Novalis had an aristocratic pedigree, his family was not wealthy.

Pietism had a major influence on Novalis' early education. His father was a member of the Moravian Church's Herrnhuter Unity of Brethren branch and maintained a strict pietist diet. He was educated by private tutors who were qualified in pietist theology until the age of nine; later, he attended a Herrnhut school in Neudietendorf for three years.

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Novalis was arrested when he was 12 years old and lived at his rural estate in Lucklum with uncle Gottlob Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Hardenberg (1728-1800). Novalis' uncle, 26 years old, introduced him to the late Rococo period, where Novalis was exposed to enlightenment thoughts as well as the contemporary literature of his time, including the French Encyclopedists, Goethe, Lessing, and Shakespeare. 8 At seventeen, Novalis attended the Martin Luther Gymnasium in Eisleben, near Weissenfels, where his family had lived in 1785. He learned rhetoric and ancient literature at the gymnasium.

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Novalis went from university to study law between 1790 and 1794. He enrolled at the University of Jena for the first time. He studied Immanuel Kant's philosophy under Karl Reinhold, and it was there that he first became familiar with Fichte's philosophy. 27 He also had a close friendship with playwright and philosopher Schiller. Novalis attended Schiller's lectures on history: 11 and he tended to Schiller when he was suffering from a particularly severe case of chronic tuberculosis. In 1791, he published "Klagen eines Jünglings," his first work dedicated to Schiller, "Lament of a Youth") in the magazine Neue Teutsche Merkur, an act that was partially responsible for Novalis' father's removal from Jena and moving to another university where Novalis will attend more closely to his studies. Novalis' younger brother, Erasmus, joined the University of Leipzig in the following year, and Novalis went with him to continue his legal studies. He had met literary critic Friedrich Schlegel, the younger brother of August, at this time. Friedrich, 13 years ago, became one of Novalis' closest lifetime friends. Novalis matriculated to Wittenberg University, where he obtained his law degree a year later.

After graduating from Wittenberg, Novalis moved to Tennstedt, where Cölestin August Just, his uncle and biographer, became both his friend and biographer. Novalis was introduced to Sophie von Kühn, a 12-year-old girl who at the time was considered old enough to receive suitors while working for Just in 1795. 17 On their first meeting, he became infatuated, and the consequences of his infatuation seemed to have changed his personality. 19 In 1795, two days before Sophie turned thirteen, they were clandestinely engaged. Sophie's parents arranged their wedding vows in the year 128 Novalis' brother Erasmus, who helped the couple marry, but the majority of Novalis' family members refused to participate in the wedding due to Sophie's uncertain aristocratic pedigree.

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During his time at Tennstedt, Novalis remained an intellectually active man. When visiting Jena in 1795, Novalis could have met Fichte, as well as poet Friedrich Hölderlin in person. He produced six sets of manuscripts between 1795 and 1796 that were part of Fichte Studies, which are primarily concerned with Fichte's work but also included a variety of philosophical topics. Novalis wrote notebooks devoted to Kant, Frans Hemsterhuis, and Adolph Eschenmayer's philosophical research in 1797.

Novalis' continuing reflections on Fichte's theories, particularly those in the Wissenschaftslehre (Founds of Knowledge), formed part of his later philosophical and literary works: Novalis' argument that identity implies a tension between self (i.e., "I") and object (not-I). Novalis' critique of Fichte arose from Novalis' literary works: Novalis suggests that the difference between self and object, which Fichte claims, is really a contest between language and imagination. Later today, Novalis would expand his argument, saying that identity is not the separation of subject and object, but rather a process of equal partners in mutual cooperation. In his aphorism "Statt Nicht-Ich -- Du," Novalis' view is recapped. ("You'll be able to say "not-I" instead of "not-I."

Sophie began to suffer from a liver tumor that was thought to be caused by tuberculosis in the final months of 1795. As a result, she underwent liver transplantation in Jena, which was performed without anesthesia. 24 Novalis was appointed auditor to the salt works at Weissenfels in January 1797. He accepted the position in order to ensure a steady income for his planned marriage and then moved to Weissenfels to begin his duties. Sophie, on the other hand, stayed with her family. Sophie once more became ill, but Novalis' parents gradually relented and agreed to the couple's union. Sophie died two days after her 15th birthday, but Novalis was still in Weissenfels. Novalis' brother Erasmus, who had been diagnosed with tuberculosis, died four months later. Sophie's death, as well as his younger brother, had a huge impact on Novalis. His poetry was catalyzed as a result of his more active dedication to poetic expression. Sophie's death inspired one of only two Novalis-published works, Hymnen an die Nacht (Hymns to the Night) from his 1 to the moon.

Novalis qualified as a member of the Weissenfels Mining Academy of Saxony at the end of 1797. Abraham Werner, the geologist, was his primary mentor at the academy. 49. Novalis embedded himself in a variety of disciplines, including electricity, galvanism, alchemy, pharmacy, chemistry, mathematics, and natural philosophy. He was also able to extend his intellectual circle. Friedrich Schelling met him on his way to Freiberg, and the pair then embarked on an art tour of Dresden together. He visited Goethe and Friedrich Schlegel's older brother, August, in Weimar, and met author Jean Paul in Leipzig.

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Novalis became engaged for the second time in December 1798. Julie von Charpentier, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Toussaint von Charpentier's niece, was his fiancée, and the chair of mining studies at the University of Leipzig. 41 Unlike Sophie's love for Julie, Novalis' attraction for Julie began gradually. He first saw his love for Julie as a more "earthly" passion than his "heavenly" obsession for Sophie, but he gradually softened this distinction with time. His feelings for Julie became the subject of some of his poetry, including the Spiritual Songs, which were written in the last years of his life. After Novalis' death in 1801, she and Julie continued to be engaged, and she cared for him during his last illness.

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He stayed involved with his literary work in Freiberg. It was at this time that he started collecting notes for a project to bring the separate sciences together into a whole. Novalis' book Das allgemeine Brouillon (Notes for a General Encyclopedia) began integrating his natural science knowledge into his literary work. This integration can be seen in Die Lehrlinge to Sais, he wrote at the time, which turned natural history from his research as well as thoughts from his Fichte studies into a meditation on poetry and love as key to understanding nature. He began to wonder how to bring his newly acquired knowledge of mining into his philosophical and poetic worldview. In this regard, he shared a commonality with other German writers of the Romantic age by connecting his studies in the mining industry, which had then been through industrialization, as well as his literary work. His scientific fascination with mining, philosophy, and literature came to an end later when he began to write his second unfinished book, Heinrich von Ofterdingen.

At this point, Novalis started to be recognized as a published author. In 1798, Novalis' fragments appeared in Athenaeum, the Schlegel brothers' publication. These included Blüthenstaub (Pollen), Glauben und Liebe oder die König unden, undidden), and Blumen (Flowers). "Novalis" became Pollen's first appearance in the journal. After their divorce in Grossenrode, which is also called magna Novalis in Latin, his pen name was taken from his 12th-century ancestors who called themselves de Novali. Novalis can also be described as "one who cultivates new land," implying the metaphorical position that Novalis assumed for himself. 7 In Pollen's epigraph, the first work he published as Novalis, the soil is poor, so we must scatter seed abundantly for even a modest harvest."

Novalis had completed his studies at Leipzig and returned to the management of salt mines in Weissenfels in early 1799. 29-29: He became an assessor of the salt mines and a director by December, and at the end of 1800, the 28-year-old Novalis was named an Amtmann for the district of Thuringia: a position comparable to a modern magistrate.

Novalis met Ludwig Tieck, one of his closest friends and greatest intellectual influence in the last two years of his life, while on a trip to Jena in 1799. 30–34 They became members of a small social circle that developed around the Schlegel brothers, which has since been described as the Jena Romantics or Frühromantiker ("early romantics"). The Jena Romantics' passions arose in philosophy, literature, and aesthetics, and they have been regarded as a philosophical movement in its own right. Novalis researched the works of Jakob Böhme, a seventeenth-century mystic with whom he had a strong connection, under Tieck's influence. He became deeply involved with Hemsterhuis' Platonic aesthetics, as well as the writings of the theologian and philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher. Octalis' work inspired Novalis to write his essay, Christenheit or Europe, a call for Europe to regain a cultural and socioeconomic union whose interpretation is also a source of controversies. He also wrote his poems titled Geistliche Lieder (Spiritual Songs) and started his book Heinrich von Ofterdingen during this period.

Novalis coughed blood from August 1800 to October. He had been diagnosed with tuberculosis at the time. However, latest analysis indicates he may have suffered from cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder that may have been responsible for the premature death of many of his siblings, as well as his brother Erasmus. He was temporarily relocated to Dresden, Germany, after a serious hemorrhage in November. He wanted to be with his parents in Weissenfels in January. He died on March 25, 1801 at the age of twenty-eight. He was buried in Alter Friedhof in Weissenfels (Old Cemetery).

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