Nelson Rockefeller

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Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908-1979) was an American businessman and politician who served as the 41st vice president of the United States from 1974 to 1977, as the 49th governor of New York from 1959 to 1973.

Dwight D. Eisenhower, Jr., served as assistant secretary of State for American Republic Affairs for Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (1944-1945), as well as under secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare from 1953 to 1954.

John D. Rockefeller, a wealthy Rockefeller family's grandson, and a member of the Rockefeller family, was a renowned art collector and served as the administrator of Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, New York. Rockefeller was a Republican who was often thought of as liberal, progressive, or moderate.

Rockefeller convinced Richard Nixon to change the Republican Party's platform right before the 1960 Republican Convention, which was described as the Treaty of Fifth Avenue.

Liberals in the Republican Party were known as "Rockefeller Republicans" during his time.

Rockefeller served as Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973, including the construction of the Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza in Albany, increased facilities and staff for medical care, and the establishment of the New York State Council on the Arts. Rockefeller, who unsuccessfully applied for the Republican nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968, was named vice president of the United States under President Gerald R. Ford, who took over the presidency in August 1974 after Richard Nixon's resignation in August 1974.

Following Ford himself, Rockefeller became the second vice president elected to the position under the 25th Amendment.

Rockefeller was not included on the 1976 Republican ballot with Ford.

In 1977, he resigned from politics and died two years later. Rockefeller, the founder and later chair of Rockefeller Center, Inc., was a businessman, and he founded the International Basic Economy Corporation in 1947.

Rockefeller created a major art collection and expanded public access to the arts.

He served as trustee, treasurer, and president of the Museum of Modern Art, as well as establishing the Museum of Primitive Art in 1954.

He founded the Rockefeller Brothers Fund in 1940 with his four brothers and established the American International Association for Economic and Social Development in 1946.

Early life and education (1908–1930)

Rockefeller was born in Bar Harbor, Maine, on July 8, 1908. Named Nelson Aldrich after his maternal grandfather Nelson W. Aldrich, he was his second son and third child of financier and philanthropist John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and philanthropist John Davison Rockefeller Jr. and philanthropist Abby "Abby" Aldrich. He had two older brothers, Abby and John III, as well as three younger brothers, Laurance, Winthrop, and David. John Jr., their father, was the only son of Standard Oil co-founder John D. Rockefeller and schoolteacher Laura Spelman. Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail P. Greene's mother, Abby, was a daughter of Senator Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich and Abigail P. Greene.

Rockefeller grew up in his family's homes in New York City (mainly at 10 West 54th Street), a country home in Pocantico Hills, New York, and a summer home in Seal Harbor, Maine. The family also travelled a lot. He received his elementary, middle, and high school education at the Lincoln School in New York City, an experimental school run by Teachers College of Columbia University and funded by the Rockefeller family. Nelson used to vanish on the way to school and was recently discovered investigating the city's sewer system. He was the "indisputable king" of his brothers as an infant, growing closer to Laurance.

Although Nelson's parents had hoped for him to do well in life, he was a bad student. He mainly failed ninth grade and had undiagnosed dyslexia in the lower third of his class. Joseph E. Persico, Nelson's biographer, wrote that as an infant, he "demonstrated a career that would continue to carry him in lieu of brilliance." Although Nelson was not accepted into Princeton University, he did enroll in Dartmouth College, arriving on campus in 1926. He first met Mary Todhunter Clark at the summer home in Maine, and the two fell in love together while attending college. They were involved in autumn 1929. He earned an A.B. degree in 1930 and was lauded as a scholar of the 1930s. Dartmouth College's economics degree has been earned, where he served in Casque and Gauntlet (a senior society) and Psi Upsilon. After graduating from Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania, Rockefeller and Mary were married.

Personal life

On June 23, 1930, Rockefeller married Mary Todhunter Clark. They had five children: Rodman Clark Rockefeller, Ann Rockefeller, Steven Clark Rockefeller, Steven Clark Rockefeller, Steven Clark Rockefeller, and twins Michael Clark Rockefeller and Mary Rockefeller. In November 1961, Michael Rockefeller disappeared in New Guinea. Since his dugout canoe capsized, he is believed to have drowned while trying to float to shore.

In 1962, Nelson and Mary Rockefeller were divorced. Margaretta Large "Happy" Fitler married Rockefeller on May 4, 1963. Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller Jr. and Mark Fitler Rockefeller were together on a two sons: Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller Jr. and Mark Fitter Rockefeller.

Rockefeller's first wife lived at 810 Fifth Avenue, on the three first floors. Mary Rockefeller retained the two top floors of the triplex apartment following his divorce and second marriage. The apartment was raised by purchasing a floor of 812 Fifth Avenue. The two spaces were linked by a flight of six steps. Nelson and Happy Rockefeller were at 812 Fifth Street, while his first wife was in 810 Fifth. They were married until his death.

During his marriages, Rockefeller was involved in numerous extramarital affairs. His first wife resented his adultery, which was one of the main reasons for their divorce. Rockefeller convinced his first wife early in their marriage that they should live separate lives but that they should keep married for the sake of public appearances and the children.

Malinda Fitler Murphy (b.1960), the youngest daughter of Happy Rockefeller and Dr. James Slater Murphy, has sparked rumors that she might be Nelson Rockefeller's daughter. Ken Riland, a Rockefeller whose intimate knowledge of Malinda, took the word stepfather in quotes. Ellen, the wife of Wally Harrison, an engineer and Rockefeller confidant, said that Malinda's parentage was a little bit of a mystery among Rockefeller associates.

Rockefeller was a fan of Edgar Cayce's popular psychic Edgar Cayce.

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Early career (1931–1939)

Rockefeller's career included work in many family-owned companies, including Chase National Bank; Rockefeller Center, Inc., and Creole Petroleum Corporation, the Venezuelan subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey, 1935-1940.

Rockefeller served as a member of the Westchester County Board of Health from 1933 to 1953. His work with Creole Petroleum sparked his deep, lifelong concern for Latin America, and he's become fluent in the Spanish language.

Mid-career (1940–1958)

In 1940, the President nominated Rockfeller to the position of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA), after he expressed doubt to President Franklin D. Roosevelt about Nazi hegemony in Latin America. (OCIAA). Rockefeller was charged with directing a program of cooperation between the United States and Latin America to help raise the quality of life, improve communication among the countries of the western hemisphere, and combating increasing Nazi influence in the region. He promoted this kind of cultural diplomacy by collaborating with the Director of Latin American Relations at CBS radio network Edmund A. Chester.

The Roosevelt administration urged Hollywood to produce films to foster positive relations in Latin America. Rockefeller needed to make the film Down Argentine Way (1940) because it was considered offensive to Argentines. It was much more popular in the United States than in Latin America. The Great Dictator (1940) by Charlie Chaplin was outlawed in several countries.

Rockefeller initiated extensive talks and missions of North American members of the Junior Chamber of Commerce to Latin America in the spring of 1943, founding the Junior Chamber International in Mexico City after the first Inter-American Congress in December 1944. Rockefeller convinced his father, John D. Rockefeller Jr., to donate the land to the city of New York to build the foundations for what would later be the United Nations headquarters after returning from the Inter-American Congress.

President Roosevelt appointed Rockefeller Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs in 1944. In 1945, he initiated the Inter-American Conference on War and Peace. The Act of Chapultepec, which laid the foundation for economic, socioeconomic, and defense cooperation among the Americas' countries, was issued, but it was determined that an attack on one of these countries would be treated as an attack on all and jointly rejected. Rockefeller signed the Act on behalf of the United States.

Rockefeller was a founding member of the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco in 1945; this gathering marked the United Nations' founding. Much resistance was raised at the Conference against the possibility of encouraging the establishment of regional pacts under UN charter, such as the Act of Chapultepec. Rockefeller, who felt that participation was vital, especially in the case of Latin America, successfully argued for regional pacts within the framework of the United Nations framework. Rockefeller was also instrumental in persuading the UN to locate its headquarters in New York City.

President Truman dismissed Rockefeller, changed his direction, and closed down the OCIAA. Rockefeller had become "a discredited figure, a pariah," Reich said in official Washington. He returned to New York.

In 1947, Rockefeller founded the International Basic Economic Corporation (IBEC), which would continue the work he had begun as Inter-American Affairs' Coordinator. He served as president from 1958 to 1958. IBEC was a for-profit corporation that established companies that could help boost the economies of some countries' underdeveloped economies. It was hoped that the success of these companies would inspire investors in those countries to establish or support companies and improve the local economy. In Venezuela, Ecuador, and Brazil, Rockefeller established model farms. He owned a home in Monte Sacro, Venezuela, where he lived.

Rockefeller returned to public service in 1950 when President Harry S. Truman named him Chairman of the International Development Advisory Board. The Board was charged with developing a scheme for implementing the President's Point IV initiative of providing international technical assistance. In 1952, President-Elect Dwight D. Eisenhower asked Rockefeller to Chair the President's Advisory Committee on Government Organization to find ways of improving the executive branch of the federal government's administrative branch. Rockefeller suggested thirteen reorganization schemes, none of which were successful. The Department of Defense, the Office of Defense Mobilization, and the Department of Agriculture all underwent reforms as a result of the changes. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare was also established as a result of his recommendations. In 1953, Rockefeller was named Under-Secretary of this newly created department. Rockefeller was involved in HEW's legislative program and introduced steps that increased ten million people under the Social Security program.

He was named Special Assistant to the President for Foreign Affairs in 1954 (also known as Special Assistant to the President for Psychological Warfare). He was charged with giving the President advice and assistance in establishing policies by which the various branches of the government could combat Soviet foreign policy issues. He was named as the President's representative on the Operations Coordinating Board, a task of the National Security Council, as part of this role. The other participants were the Undersecretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the head of the Foreign Operations Department, and the Central Intelligence Agency chief. The OCB's mission was to coordinate coordinated execution of defense strategy and plans, including clandestine operations.

Rockefeller interpreted his order and became a promoter of foreign economic assistance as vital to national security. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and his Under Secretary Herbert Hoover Jr., both traditionalists who feared something outside of Rockefeller's campaign, and Treasury Secretary George M. Humphrey for financial reasons, blocked the bulk of Rockefeller's plans. However, Rockefeller hosted a week-long meeting of experts from various fields to assess the US's position in the Cold War's psychological aspects of the Cold War and make plans that might bring the country's participation in the forthcoming Summit Conference in Geneva in June. The meeting was held at the Marine Corps academy in Quantico, Virginia, and became known as the Quantico Study. The Quantico panel produced a plan called "open skies" in which the United States and the Soviet Union would exchange blueprints of military installations and commit to mutual aerial reconnaissance. The threat of surprise attacks will therefore be minimized and military buildups will be revealed. It was a counter protest to the Soviet Union's call for universal disarmament. The suspicion was that if the Soviets were serious about disarmament, they would not refuse the proposal.

Rockefeller suggested the establishment of the Planning Coordination Group, a small high level group that would plan and execute national security forces, both overt and clandestine. The Undersecretary of State, the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the CIA's chief, and Special Assistant Rockefeller as chairman were among the group's ranks. The group was established to control CIA operations and other anti-Communist activities. Nevertheless, state Department officials and CIA Director Allen Dulles refused to collaborate with the group, and the group's activities were stymied or ignored. In September, Rockefeller recommended that the PCG be scrapped, but he resigned as the President's Special Assistant in December.

He founded the Special Studies Project, a major seven-panel planning firm headed by Henry Kissinger and sponsored by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, of which he was then president in 1956. It was an exciting research that was designed to identify the key challenges and opportunities facing the United States in the future, as well as the national goals and goals. The surveys were published in a series as they were issued and were republished in 1961 as Prospect for America: The Rockefeller Panel Reports.

The Special Studies Project came to national prominence with the unveiling of its military subpanel's paper, which, in turn, was a major military buildup to combat a menace posed by the USSR's then-perceived military superiority threat. The paper was published two months after Sputnik's debut in October 1957, and Eisenhower's full endorsement of it was endorsed by Eisenhower in his January 1958 State of the Union address.

Kissinger's first meeting was supposed to blossom into a lifelong friendship; Kissinger was later described as his closest intellectual associate. Kissinger was hired as a personally funded part-time consultant, principally on foreign policy issues, until his staff was hired full-time in late 1968. Rockefeller paid Kissinger $50,000 as a severance payment in 1969, the same as his time in Richard Nixon's administration.

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