Napoleon III

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Napoleon III (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873), the uncle of Napoleon I, was France's first president from 1848 to 1852, and the last French emperor from 1852 to 1870.

He took power in 1848, becoming the First President of France, but not officially elected.

He established the Second French Empire and was the country's only emperor until the demise of the French army and its allies in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870.

He worked to modernize the French economy, rebuilt the center of Paris, expanded the overseas empire, and served in the Crimean War and the Second Italian War of Independence. Napoleon III ordered the grand reconstruction of Paris, which was carried out by Baron Haussmann, his Seine prefect.

In Marseille, Lyon, and other French cities, he undertook similar public works projects.

Napoleon III modernized the French banking system, expanded and consolidated the French railway system, and made the French merchant marine the second largest in the world.

Early adult years

A Bonapartist movement had existed in France for the first time since Napoleon's assassination of 1815, with the intention of returning a Bonaparte to the throne. According to the law of succession established by Napoleon I, the claimant's son was proclaimed "King of Rome" at birth by his father. This heir, who Bonapartists like Napoleon II, was held in virtual prison at the court of Vienna under the name Duke of Reichstadt. Napoleon I's eldest brother Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1804), followed by Louis Bonaparte (1778–1846), but neither Joseph nor Louis had any intention in re-entering public life. When the Duke of Reichstadt died in 1832, Charles-Louis Napoleon became the de facto heir of the dynasty and the patron of the Bonapartist movement.

In exile with his mother in Switzerland, he joined the Swiss Army, trained to be an officer, and wrote a artillery textbook (his uncle Napoleon became famous as an artillery officer). Louis Napoleon began writing about his political philosophy, not because of an improvisation by a vulgar adventurer," the early twentieth century English historian H. A. L. Fisher said, but the result of deep reflection on the Napoleonic political philosophy and how to adapt it to modern domestic and international scenes. In 1833, he published his Rêveries policies, or "military dreams" in 1833, followed by Considérations politiques et militaire sur la Suisse ("Political and military considerations about Switzerland"), a compilation of his political views that was first published in three editions and later translated into six languages. He based his doctrine on two theories: universal suffrage and the primacy of the national interest. He called for a "monarchy that enjoys the benefits of the Republic without the inconveniences," a regime "strong without despotism, free without anarchy, and without conquest."

"I believe," Louis Napoleon wrote, "many men are born whom I call volunteers of provisionnce, in whose hands are put the destiny of their nations." I suspect I am one of those guys. If I'm wrong, I'll die ineffectively. If I am right, Providence will place me in a position to carry out my mission." He had seen the nascent enthusiasm for Napoleon Bonaparte while in Paris, and he was convinced that, if he marched to Paris in 1815, France would rise up and join him. He started planning a coup against King Louis-Philippe.

He wanted his uprising to begin in Strasbourg. To the cause, the colonel of a regiment was taken over. Louis Napoleon arrived in Strasbourg on October 29, 1836, in the uniform of an artillery officer; he reunited the corpse against his side. The prefecture was confiscated and the prefecture was arrested. The general commanding the garrison, Louis-Napoleon, had survived and was placed in a loyal regiment that surrounded the mutineers. The mutineers disbanded, and Louis-Napoleon fled back to Switzerland.

King Louis-Philippe ordered that Louis Napoleon be returned to France by the Swiss government, but the Swiss pointed out that he was a Swiss soldier and civilian and refused to hand him over. Louis-Philippe responded by deploying an army across the Swiss frontier. Louis Napoleon thanked his Swiss hosts and left the country peacefully. The other mutineers were tried in Alsace and were all cleared.

Louis Napoleon travelled first to London, Brazil, and then to New York. He migrated to a hotel, where he met the New York society's wealthy and Washington Irving, a writer. Although he was traveling to see more of the United States, he got a call that his mother was seriously ill. He hurried as quickly as he could return to Switzerland. When she died, he reached Arenenberg in time to be with his mother on 5 August 1837. She was finally buried in Rueil, France, next to her mother's, but Louis Napoleon was unable to attend because he was not allowed to enter France.

In October 1838, Louis Napoleon returned to London for a brief period of exile. He had inherited a substantial fortune from his mother and occupied a house with seventeen servants and many of his old acquaintances and fellow conspirators. He was welcomed by London society and met with the day's political and academic figures, including Benjamin Disraeli and Michael Faraday. He also did extensive study into the UK's economy. He strolled in Hyde Park, which he later used as a model when he designed the Bois de Boulogne in Paris.

He could not give up his desire to return to France to reclaim power despite being in London's luxury. He bought weapons and uniforms, created proclamations, and sailed across the Channel to Boulogne in 1840. The failed coup attempt turned into a much bigger fiasco than the Strasbourg mutiny. The mutineers were stopped by customs agents, the soldiers of the garrison had refused to serve, but the mutineers were surrounded on the beach, one was killed and the other were arrested. Both the British and French press ridiculed Louis-Napoleon's scheme. "This surpasses comedy," Le Journal des Débats wrote. One does't murder crazy people, one locks them up." He was brought to court, where, amid an eloquent defense of his cause, he was sentenced to life in the fortress of Ham in Northern France's Somme department.

The fortress Ham's register for September 8, 1840, had a brief description of the new prisoner: "Age: thirty-two years" Height: One meter sixty-six. Chestnut hair and eyebrows. Eyes: Gray and Small. Largese: no one. Mouth: average. Browns: Beard. Moustache: blond. Chin: pointed to the fact that they were originally designed for this purpose. Face: oval. Pale. Sunken in his shoulders and massive shoulders. Back: bent. Lips: they're thick. Éléonore Vergeot, a young woman from the nearby town who gave birth to two of his children, had a mistress named Éléonore Vergeot.

He wrote poetry, political essays, and articles on a variety of topics when incarcerated. He contributed to regional newspapers and magazines in towns all around France, making him well-known as a writer. L'extinction du pauperisme (1844), a study of the causes of poverty in France's factory workers, with plans to eliminate it, was his most popular book. "The working class has nothing to lose," his author says, "it is imperative to give them ownership." They have no other wealth than their own, and it is crucial to give them work that will benefit everyone; they are homeless and homeless, without rights, and without a future; it is also critical to bring them rights and responsibility and have them in their own eyes by association, education, and discipline. He suggested several practical ways for establishing banking and savings systems that would benefit the working class, as well as establishing agricultural colonies in Israel similar to the kibbutzm later established in Israel. This book was widely published and distributed in France, and it was instrumental in his future political triumph.

He was in jail but was also hungry and impatient. He was aware that Napoleon Bonaparte's fame was steadily increasing in France; the Emperor was the subject of heroic poems, books, and plays. On December 15, 1840, huge crowds gathered in Paris when Napoleon Bonaparte's remains were returned with a great pomp to Paris and handed over to Louis Napoleon's long adversary, King Louis-Philippe, while Louis Napoleon could only read about it in prison. He disguised himself as a slave carrying wood and led the way out of the jail on May 25, 1846, with the help of his physician and others on the outside. His adversaries screamed "Badinguet," the name of the laborer whose identity was unknown. A carriage was waiting to carry him to the coast and then via sea to England. Louis Napoleon died a month after his escape, leaving Louis Napoleon as the clear heir to the Bonaparte dynasty.

He quickly regained his place in British society. He lived on King Street in St James', London, and revived his acquaintance with Benjamin Disraeli, as well as Charles Dickens. At the British Museum, he returned to his studies. During her visits to Britain, he had a match with actress Rachel, the country's most popular French actress of the time. Harriet Howard (1823–1865), who was more important for his future, had an affair with the wealthy heiress Harriet Howard (1823–1865). They first met in 1846, a few years after his return to Britain. They began to live together, she took in his two unlegitimate children and raised them with her own son, and she raised them with her own son, and she raised funds for his political activities so that, when the time came, he could return to France.

Life at the court of Napoleon III

Napoleon III moved his official residence to the Tuileries Palace, where he had a suite of rooms on the ground floor of the Seine and the Pavillon de l'Horloge pavilion facing the garden, following the model of the Kings of France and of his uncle, Napoleon Bonaparte.

"brickworks" or "tile-making" is used in France, as the French word tuileries refers to "tile-making" or "tile-making works. The palace was given the name because the neighborhood in which it had been built in 1564 was previously known for its numerous mason and tiler companies.

Napoleon III's bedroom was furnished with a talisman from Charlemagne (a sign of good fortune for the Bonaparte family), and his office carried a portrait of Julius Caesar by Ingres and a large map of Paris that he used to introduce his plans for the restoration of Paris to his prefect of the Seine department, Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann. The Emperor's rooms were overheated and stifled with fire as he smoked cigarette after cigarette. The Empress occupied a suite of rooms just above his, which were heavily decorated in Louis XVI's style, including a pink salon, a green salon, and a blue salon.

Following a regular calendar, the court shifted with the Emperor and Empress from palace to palace each year. The Emperor and the Court travelled to the Château de Saint-Cloud in May for outdoor pursuits in the park. They travelled with selected guests to the Palace of Fontainebleau for walks in the woods and boating on the lake in June and July. The court moved to thermal baths for a health cure in July, first to Plombières, then Vichy, and then, after 1856, Châlons-en-Champagne), where Napoleon could enjoy the waters and observe military parades and exercises. Beginning in 1856, the Emperor and Empress spent every September in Biarritz in Villa Eugénie, a large villa overlooking the sea. They will stroll on the beach or hike to the mountains, and in the evenings they will dance and sing, play cards, and appear in other games and amateur theatricals and charades with their guests. In November, the court transferred to the Château de Compiègne for forest walks, dancing, and other games. Famous scientists and artists, such as Louis Pasteur, Gustave Flaubert, Eugène Delacroix, and Giuseppe Verdi, were invited to participate in the Compiègne festivities.

The Emperor and Court returned to the Tuileries Palace in May and held a string of formal receptions and three or four grand balls with six hundred guests early in the new year. Often, visiting dignitaries and monarchs were welcomed. During Carnival, there were a number of elaborate costume balls based on different countries and historical periods, for which tourists often spent little money on their costumes.

Napoleon III was renowned for the memorization of people's names. Not only will the emperor hear the word by ear, but he'll also write the word down on a paper and analyze it. When the emperor was finished with the name, he would tear it out and throw it away the paper.

Napoleon III had a conservative and traditional taste in art: his favorite painters were Alexandre Cabanel and Franz Xaver Winterhalter, who received substantial commissions and whose work was purchased for state museums. At the same time, he followed official opinion and made a major contribution to the French avant-garde. The jury of the Paris Salon, the prestigious annual showcase of French painting, led by the ultra-conservative head of the Academy of Fine Arts, Count Émilien de Nieuwerkerke, rejected all submissions by avant-garde artists, including those by Édouard Manet, Camille Pissarro and Johan Jongkind. The artists and their families screamed, and Napoleon III received the allegations. "Numerous petitions have been submitted to the Emperor on the subject of the works of art, which were otherwise unaccepted by the Exposition's jury." His Majesty, who want to allow the public judge the legitimacy of these allegations, has ruled that the works of art that were refusing to be displayed in another part of the Palace of Industry."

Following Napoleon's order, an exhibit of the rejected paintings, titled Salon des Refusés, was held in another portion of the Palace of Industry, where the Salon took place. More than a thousand visitors came to see Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe and James McNeill Whistler's Symphony in White, No. 1 was on display at the National Museum of Le Déjeuner l'herbe on a day. 'The White Girl.' Visitors were encouraged to enter the packed galleries where the refused paintings were displayed, according to journalist Émile Zola, and the galleries were packed with laughter and joking remarks from many of the visitors. Despite many commentators and visitors mocking the paintings, the avant-garde's work was made widely available to the French public for the first time, and it was placed alongside the more traditional style of painting.

Napoleon III began or completed the restoration of several important historic monuments left for him by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. During the French Revolution, he restored the flèche, or spire, of Notre Dame de Paris's cathedral, which had been partially destroyed and desecrated. He finished the restoration, which began in 1845, of the Sainte-Chapelle's stained glass windows, and in 1862, he designated it as a national historical monument. He approved and provided funds for Viollet-le-Duc's restoration of Carcassonne's medieval town of Carcassonne in 1853. Viollet-le-Duc funded the restoration of the Château de Vincennes and the Château de Pierrefonds in 1862, where many important political prisoners had been housed, so the prison could be revived and opened to the public.

Personal life

Louis Napoleon has a long reputation as a womanizer, but he also said, "It's usually the man who assaults." I defend myself and occasionally capitulate, as for me. Several mistresses he had. Count Felix Bacciochi, his social secretary, was given the task during his reign to prepare for trysts and brides for Emperor's favors. His affairs were not trivial sideshows: they disqualified him from serving, changed his relationship with the empress, and even reduced him in the eyes of the other European courts. Among his many lovers and mistresses were: : Among his many lovers and mistresses were: :.

"What is the road to your heart?"

Napoleon began to suffer from numerous medical conditions, including kidney disease, bladder and prostate cancers, arthritis, gout, and the chronic effects of smoking by his late teens. Dr. Robert Ferguson, a London consultant, diagnosed a "debilitating effect on sexual... output" in 1856, which he later disclosed to the British government.

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Early political career

Louis Napoleon learned that the French Revolution of 1848 had broken out in February 1848, but Louis Philippe, who faced resistance within his government and army, had abdicated. On the day that Louis-Philippe left France for his own exile in England, he set out for Paris on February 27, pretending that his time had come. He arrived in Paris and found that the Second Republic had been declared, led by a Provisional Government headed by Alphonse de Lamartine, and that many groups of republicans, from conservatives to those on the far left, were competing for office. He wrote to Lamartine announcing his arrival, claiming that he had "no other ambition than that of serving my country." Lamartine wrote back politely but firmly, asking Louis-Napoleon to leave Paris "until the city is more quiet" and not "before the National Assembly elections." His close advisors urged him to stay and try to assume power, but he wanted to show his prudence and loyalty to the country; although his consultants remained in Paris, he returned to London on March 2nd, 1848, following events from there.

He did not run in the first elections for the National Assembly, which were held in April 1848, but three members of the Bonaparte family, Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte, Pierre Napoléon Bonaparte, and Lucien Murat were elected; the name Bonaparte retained political power; He was elected in four separate departments in Ottawa on Thursday, just after conservative leader Adolphe Thiers and Victor Hugo. His followers were mainly on the left, from the peasantry to the working class. His pamphlet on "The Extinction of Pauperism" was widely distributed in Paris, and his name was widely distributed among socialist candidates Barbès and Louis Blanc.

The Moderate Republican leaders of the Provisional government, Lamartine and Cavaignac, regarded his detention as a dangerous explorer, but he defeated them once more. "I believe I should wait to return to the center of my country" so that my presence in France would not serve as a pretext to the Republic's enemies."

The June Days Uprising in Paris broke out in June 1848, led by the far left against the National Assembly's conservative majority. Hundreds of barricades had appeared in the working-class neighborhoods. Antoine Cavaignac, the army's commander, first pulled his troops from Paris to allow the rebels to deploy their barricades, and then returned with a huge amount of troops to stymie the revolt; from 24 to 26, June, fighting tens of the working class districts of Paris. An estimated five thousand rebels were killed at the barricades, 15 thousand were arrested, and four thousand were arrested, with four thousand being deported.

Louis Napoleon was not involved with the uprising or with the brutal repression that followed, despite his absence from Paris. He was still in London on September 17-18, when the National Assembly elections were held, but he was not a candidate in thirteen departments. He was elected in five departments; in Paris, he received 110,000 votes of the 247,000 audience, the most popular number of votes of any candidate. On September 24, he returned to Paris, this time in the National Assembly for the first time. In seven months, he had moved from a political exile in London to a highly visible position in the National Assembly, as the government finished the new Constitution and braced for the country's first presidential election ever.

The new constitution of the Second Republic, drafted by a commission led by Alexis de Tocqueville, calls for a strong executive and a president elected by popular vote, rather than the National Assembly. The 1848 elections were scheduled for ten to eleven days. Louis Napoleon declared his candidacy right away. Several other candidates were voted for the post: Including General Cavaignac, who orchestrated the suppression of the June uprisings in Paris; Lamartine, the socialist leader and creator; and Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin, the socialist leader; and Raspail, the socialist's leader.

On Place Vendôme, Louis Napoleon established his campaign headquarters and residence. Harriet Howard Howard, his companion, was accompanied by him, who gave him a substantial loan to help fund his campaign. He rarely attended the National Assembly sessions and seldom voted. He was not a gifted orator; he spoke slowly, in a monotone, with a slight German accent from his Swiss education. His detractors have often mocked him, one comparing him to "a turkey who believes he is an eagle."

Both the left and right ran his campaigns. His election manifesto declared his support for "religion, family, and property, which is the enduring basis of all social order." However, it also stated its intention to "provide jobs to those who are unemployed; to look out for the old age of the employees; and to introduce in industrial regulations those changes that do not ruin the wealthy but that improve the well-being of each and the general prosperity.

His campaign staff, many of whom were veterans of Napoleon Bonaparte's army, rallied support for him around the world. Louis Napoleon received the grudging support of conservative leader Adolphe Thiers, who believed he could be the most easily controlled; Thiers named him "of all the candidates, the least bad." "We have faith in him; he has a great name," Victor Hugo's newspaper, L'Evenement, stated. Louis Napoleon would come in first, according to his chief rival, GM Cavaignac, but that he would get less than half of the vote, indicating that the election will go to the National Assembly, where Cavaignac was likely to win.

On December ten to ten, the polls were held. On December 20, the findings were announced. Louis Napoleon was supposed to win, but the extent of his triumph surprised almost everybody. He received 5,572,834 votes, or 74.2 percent of votes cast, compared to 1,469,156 for Cavaignac. Ledru-Rollin, the extreme left candidate, received 37,106 votes, with the poet Lamartine getting just 17,000 votes. Louis Napoleon gained the trust of all segments of the population: the peasants were dissatisfied with rising costs; unemployed; young businessmen who wanted peace and stability; and intellectuals such as Victor Hugo. He secured the votes of 55.6 percent of all registered voters and gained in all but four of France's departments.

Louis Napoleon retired from his home in December 1848 and hung a portrait of his mother in the boudoir and a portrait of Napoléon Bonaparte in the grand salon, dressed in coronation robes. Adolphe Thiers recommended that he wear clothing of "democratic simplicity" but, instead, he chose the National Guard's uniform and went for "Prince-President" instead.

He also embarked on foreign policy in Italy, where he had participated in the national liberation movement against the Austrians as a youth. The previous government had sent an expeditionary force, which had been sent and funded by the National Assembly, to help the republican forces in Italy battle the Austrians and the Pope. Rather, the force was compelled to do the opposite, namely to arrive in Rome to help Pope Pius IX's temporal authority be restored. Garibaldi's troops opened fire on the French troops. Without consulting his advisers, the prince-President ordered his troops to fight if necessary in favor of the Pope. This was a hit among French Catholics, but the republicans, who supported the Roman Republic, were outraged. To please the radical republicans, he requested that the Pope grant liberal reforms and the Code Napoleon to the Papal States. He approved the Loi Falloux in 1851, which gave the Catholic Church a greater presence in France's educational system.

On the 13th of May 1849, only a few months after Louis Napoleon had been president, a group of conservative republicans led by Adolphe Thiers won the National Assembly by a coalition of Catholics and monarchists, with Catholics and monarchists named "The Party of Order" being largely won by a coalition of conservative republicans. The socialists and "red" republicans, led by Ledru-Rollin and Raspail, did well, winning two hundred seats. The moderate republicans in the middle of the country's worst-served seat, with only 70–80 seats. The Party of Order had a definite majority, but not large enough to prevent any of Louis Napoleon's plans.

The socialists and radical republicans tried to seize power on June 11, 1849. Louis Napoleon was no longer President and Ledru-Rollin, his director in the Conservatory of Arts and Professions, declared that he was no longer President and called for a general strike. In the working-class neighborhoods of Paris, a few barricades appeared. Louis Napoleon reacted quickly, and the rebellion was short-lived. The capital of the revolt had been declared in a state of siege, the resistance's headquarters were surrounded, and the leaders had been arrested. Ledru-Rollin migrated to England, Raspail was arrested and sent to prison, the republican clubs were closed, and their newspapers were closed.

The National Assembly, which now has left republicans and determined to keep them out of perpetuity, has enacted a new election law that placed limitations on universal male suffrage and made them live, as well as requiring a three-year residency requirement. 3.5 percent of the 9 million French voters, the voters who Adolphe Thiers, the party's leader, scornfully termed "the vil multitude," were excluded from this new law. The National Assembly was in a straight collision course with Prince-President Robert May 1850 by a majority of 433 to 241. Louis Napoleon left the Assembly and the conservative ministers who opposed his schemes in favour of the dispossessed. He obtained the army's aid, toured the region, protesting the Assembly, and proclaimed himself as the defender of universal male suffrage. He requested that the legislation be changed, but his plan was defeated in the Assembly by a vote of 355 to 348.

Louis Napoleon wanted to step down at the end of his term, so he wanted a constitutional amendment to allow him to succeed himself, but that four years were not enough to fully implement his political and economic policies. He toured the country and gained support from many of the regional governments and some within the Assembly. The vote in July 1851 was 446 to 278 in favour of reforming the statute and encouraging him to run again, but this was short of the two-thirds majority needed to change the constitution.

Louis Napoleon believed that the people favored him, and he retained power by other means. Morny's half-brother and a few close advisors all started to plan a coup d'état. They included minister of war Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud, as well as French Army soldiers in North Africa, who were among the coup's troops lacking military assistance for the coup. Saint Arnaud's troops occupied the national printing office, the Palais Bourbon, newspaper offices, and the city's strategic spots on the night of 1–2 December. Posters around the city announced the dissolution of the National Assembly, universal suffrage, new elections, and a state of siege in Paris and the immediate departments. In their homes, sixteen members of the National Assembly were arrested. Around 220 deputies of the moderate right gathered in the city hall of the tenth arrondissement's main hall, where they were later arrested. Victor Hugo, a writer, and a few other republicans attempted to protest the coup on December 3rd. A few barricades appeared, and about 1,000 rebels were sent out in the streets, but the army responded quickly with 30,000 troops and the coup's brutality was quickly put down, with the deaths of an estimated 300 to 400 opponents. Small rebellions in the more radical red republican towns in France's south and center were also small, but these were all put down by 10 December.

Louis Napoleon survived the self-coup after a period of persecution of his opponents, mainly at the red republicans. Around 26,000 people were arrested, including 4,000 in Paris alone. The 239 prisoners who were judged most seriously were sent to Cayenne's penal colony. 9,530 followers were sent to French Algeria, 1,500 people were banned from France, and another 3,000 were forced to relocate to their homes. A commission of reform was released shortly after, freeing 3,500 of those who had been sentenced. The remaining 1,800 prisoners and exiles were jailed in 1859, with the exception of republican king Ledru-Rollin, who was released from jail but barred from returning to the country but forced to leave the country.

A law enacted by a decree in 1852 that prohibited strict press censorship. No newspaper that addresses political or social concerns could be published without the government's permission; fines were raised, and the list of press offences was expanded. Following three warnings, a newspaper or journal may be banned or even permanently closed.

Louis Napoleon wanted to show that his new government had a broad mandate, so a national plebiscite was held on December 20 to 21, asking if voters consented to the coup. In several counties, mayors threatened to reveal the names of any electors who refused to vote. If you agreed to the coup, 7,439,216 voters said no, 641,737 voted no, and 1.7 million abstained. Louis Napoleon's analysts asked the legitimacy and constitutionality of the referendum, but Louis Napoleon was confident that he had been given a public mandate to rule.

Many people questioned the legitimacy of such an implausibly lopsided conclusion following the results. Victor Hugo, who had originally supported Louis Napoleon but had been angered by the coup d'état, left Brussels on December 11, 1851. He became Louis Napoleon's most ardent critic and did not return to France for twenty years.

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