Mary II Of England

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Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Queen William III & II, from 1689 to her death, from 1662.

Historical accounts often refer to William and Mary's reign as the embodiment of their common era.

Despite the fact that their father, James, Duke of York, was Roman Catholic, Mary and her younger sister Anne were raised as Anglicans following King Charles II's wishes.

Charles deficient children, placing Mary second in the line of succession.

In 1677, she married William of Orange, her Protestant first cousin.

Charles died in 1685 and James took the throne, making Mary heir presumptive.

James' attempts to rule by decree and the birth of his son, James Francis Edward Stuart, culminated in his deposition in the Glorious Revolution and the establishment of the English Bill of Rights. William and Mary became king and queen regnant.

When she was in England, she wielded less power than him, ceding the majority of her power to him though he was heavily dependent on her.

She did, however, act alone when William was involved in overseas military campaigns, demonstrating her to be a strong, stable, and effective king.

William was the sole king until his own death in 1702, when Mary's sister Anne succeeded him.

Early life

Mary, born in London on April 30, 1662, was the eldest daughter of the Duke of York (the future King James II & VII) and his first wife, Anne Hyde. Mary's uncle was Charles II, who ruled England, Scotland, and Ireland; Edward Hyde, the 1st Earl of Clarendon, served as Charles' chief advisor for a long time. In the Chapel Royal at St James', she was baptized into the Anglican faith, and she was named after her ancestor, Mary, Queen of Scots. Prince Rupert of the Rhine, her father's cousin, was among her godparents. Although her mother bore eight children, none but Mary and her younger sister Anne died young, and Charles II had no legitimate children. Hence, Mary was second in line to the throne for the majority of her childhood after her father.

In 1668 or 1669, the Duke of York converted to Roman Catholicism, as well as the Duchess about eight years ago, but Mary and Anne were taken up as Anglicans pursuant to Charles II's command. They were taken to their own home in Richmond, where they were raised by their governess Lady Frances Villiers, with only occasional visits to see their parents at St James' or their grandfather Lord Clarendon at Twickenham. Mary's education, from private tutors, was mainly restricted to music, dance, drawing, French, and religious instruction. Her mother died in 1671 and her father remarried in 1673, taking Mary of Modena, a Catholic who was only four years older than Mary, as his second wife.

Mary wrote passionate letters to an older girl, Frances Apsley, the niece of courtier Sir Allen Apsley's daughter, from the age of nine to her marriage. Mary Clorine 'Mary Clorine,' and Apsley was 'Aurelia'. Frances became dissatisfied with the letters in time, and they replied more formal. Mary became betrothed to her cousin, William III of Orange, the Protestant cityholder of Holland. After James, Mary, and Anne, William was the son of the King's late sister, Mary, Princess Royal, and thus fourth in the line of succession. Charles II refused to join the Dutch throne at first; he preferred that Mary wed the heir to the French throne and raising the chances of an eventual Catholic successor in Britain under pressure from Parliament, but later, under pressure from Parliament and with no longer politically favourable coalitions, he accepted the new union. After pressure from chief minister Lord Danby and the King, who mistakenly believed that it would raise James' reputation among Protestants, the Duke of York agreed to the marriage. "She wept all afternoon and all the next day," James told Mary that she was going to marry her cousin.

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