Elizabeth I of England

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Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 to her death on March 24th, 1603.

Elizabeth, Queen of Tudor times, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, is sometimes referred to as the last of the House of Tudor monarchs. Elizabeth was both Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn's second wife, who was executed two-and-a-half years after Elizabeth's birth.

Anne's marriage to Henry VIII was annulled, and Elizabeth was proclaimed invalid.

Despite statute law to the contrary, her half-brother Edward VI of the United States ruled until his death in 1553, bequeathing the throne to Lady Jane Grey and dismissing the allegations of his two half-sisters, Elizabeth and Roman Catholic Mary.

Edward's will was put aside, and Mary became queen, deposing Lady Jane Grey.

Elizabeth was jailed for almost a year during Mary's reign on suspicion of encouraging Protestant rebels. Elizabeth succeeded her half-sister to the throne in 1558 upon Mary's death and set out to rule by sound counsel in 1558.

Early life

Elizabeth Howard was born at Greenwich Palace on September 7th, 1533, and named after her grandmothers, Elizabeth of York and Lady Elizabeth Howard. She was the second child of Henry VIII of England to survive infancy, having been born in wedlock. Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, was her mother. Elizabeth was the heir presumptive to the English throne at birth. Mary, her elder half-sister, had lost her position as a legitimate heir after Henry annulled his marriage to Mary's mother, Catherine of Aragon, to marry Anne with the intention of siring a male heir and guaranteeing the Tudor line. Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury; Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter; Elizabeth Stafford, Duchess of Norfolk; and Margaret Wotton, Dowager Marchioness of Dorset were baptized on September 10, 1533; At the funeral of her uncle George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford; John Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford; and William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham, were carried on a canopy.

Elizabeth was two years and eight months old when her mother was pronounced on 19 May 1536, just four months after Catherine of Aragon's death from natural causes. Elizabeth was proclaimed unlegitimate and was barred from her place in the royal succession. Henry married Jane Seymour, eleven days after Anne Boleyn's execution. Queen Jane died a year after the birth of their son, Edward, who was undisputed heir apparent to the throne. At his christening, Elizabeth was placed in her half-brother's household and carried the chrisom, or baptismal cloth.

Margaret Bryan, Elizabeth's first governess, wrote that she was "as toward a child and as delicate of conditions as ever I had" and that she was "as toward a child and as gentle as I ever knew any in my life." Catherine Champernowne, better known by her later name Catherine "Kat" Ashley, was named as Elizabeth's governess in 1537, and she was Elizabeth's confidant until her death in 1565. Elizabeth was taught four languages by Champernowne: French, Dutch, Italian, and Spanish. Elizabeth could write English, Latin, and Italian by the time William Grindal became her tutor in 1544. She also excelled in French and Greek under Grindal, a highly gifted and shrewd tutor. Catherine Parr's religious work Prayers or Meditations, which she recited from English to Italian, Latin, and French, which she gave to her father as a New Year's gift. Tacitus' Annals were translated by her teenage years and throughout her life, including Pro Marcello of Cicero, the De consolation philosophiae, a Plutarch treatise, and the Annals of Tacitus. After a thorough examination of the handwriting and paper, a translation of Tacitus from Lambeth Palace Library, one of only four remaining English translations from the early modern period, was published as Elizabeth's own in 2019.

Elizabeth was educated under her brother Edward Ascham, a compassionate tutor who believed learning should be enjoyable after Grindal's death in 1548. Ascham's memoirs have the bulk of Elizabeth's schooling and precocity. Elizabeth was one of the best educated women of her time when she formal education ended in 1550. In comparison to those listed above, she was reported to speak the Welsh, Cornish, Scottish, and Irish languages at the end of her life. In 1603, the Venetian ambassador said she "possessed [these] languages so vividly that each seemed to be her native tongue." Cornish historian Mark Stoyle believes she was probably taught Cornish by William Killigrew, Groom of the Privy Chamber and later Chamberlain of the Exchequer.

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