Marquis de Sade

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Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade, a French nobleman, political philosopher, and writer who is best known for his libertine sexuality, was born in 1740.

His books, short stories, plays, dialogues, and political tracts are among his collections.

Some of these stories were published under his own name, while others, which Sade denied having written, appeared anonymously.

Sade's best known for his sexual essays, which combined philosophical discussion with pornography, depicting sexual fantasies with a strong emphasis on violence (especially against women and children), torture, incarceration, and Christian blaming.

He was known for numerous rapes and sexual assaults of young men, women, and children.

He pretended to be a proponent of absolute liberty, unbound by morality, faith, or law.

Sadism and sadist are two letters that stemmed from his name: 11 years in a jail and an insane asylum in various jails and an insane asylum over the course of his life: 11 years in Perpetu, three years in Bicêtre Asylum, a year in Sancêtre Asylum, a year in Sainte-Pélagie Prison, and 12 years in the Charenton Asylum.

He was elected delegate to the National Convention during the French Revolution.

Many of his books were published in jail. Academics and popular culture also have a fascination with Sade.

Roland Barthes, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida, and Michel Foucault, among other French intellectuals, have published research into him.

On the other hand, French hedonist philosopher Michel Onfray has slammed this secrecy, saying, "It's intellectually bizarre to make Sade a hero." Several film adaptations of his work have appeared, the most popular being Sal, or the 120 Days of Sodom, an adaptation of his famous book The 120 Days of Sodom.

Life

Sade was born in Paris's Hôtel de Condé on June 2nd, to Jean Baptiste François Joseph, Count de Sade and Marie Eléonore de Carman, distant cousin and lady-in-waiting to the Princess of Condé. Sade and his family were soon abandoned by his father, his only living child. He was raised by servants who indulged "his every whim," resulting in his death "known as a rebellious and spoiled child with an ever-growing temper." Six-year-old Sade was sent to live after an incident in which he seriously beat Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé, and later learned that he had been "introduced him to debauchery." His mother, who was still young and cold to her son, abandoned him shortly thereafter, joining a convent.

Sade, a ten-year-old boy from childhood, was admitted to the Lycée Louis-Grand in Paris, a Jesuit university, for four years. Abbé Jacques-François Amblet, a priest, tutored him at the academy. Sade had a "passionate disposition that made him eager in the pursuit of pleasure," the Abbé testified later in life, but he had a "good heart." He was subjected to "severe corporal punishment," including "flagellation," at the Lycée de Mont Grand, and "he spent the majority of his adult life devoted to the violent act."

Sade started attending an elite military academy at the age of 14. Sade was promoted from a sub-lieutenant to become a soldier after twenty months of preparation on December 14, 1755. He was promoted to the rank of cornet in the Comte de Provence's Brigade de S. André after thirteen months as a subordinate. He served in the Seven Years' War and became Colonel of a Dragoon regiment. In 1763, when returning from war, he courted a wealthy magistrate's daughter but his father refused his suitorship and instead organized a reunion with his elder daughter, Renée-Pélagie de Montreuil; the union resulted in two sons and a daughter. In 1766, he had a private theatre built in his castle, the Château de Lacoste in Provence. His father died in January 1767.

The Sade family's male figures alternated between using the marquis and comte (count) titles. Gaspard François de Sade, his grandfather, was among the first to use marquis, although occasionally he was the Marquis de Sade, but he is listed in papers as the Marquis de Mazan. The Sade family lived noblesse d'épée, claiming that nobility at the time was ancient, Frankish-descended, so taking a noble position without a King's grant was customarily de rigueur. Alternating title usage shows that the titular hierarchy (below duc et pair) was notional; theoretically, the marquis title was granted to noblemen of various countships, but its use by males of questionable lineage caused the marquis title to be smears of disrepute. Precede was determined by rank and royal favour, not title, at the court. There is a father-son relationship, in which the father is referred to as marquis.

Sade's descendants viewed his life and work as a tragedy that had to be shunned for many years. This did not change until the Comte Xavier de Sade regained the marquis title, long past disuse, and expressed an interest in his ancestor's writings in the mid-20th century. The "divine marquis" of legend at the time was so unmentionable in his own family that Xavier de Sade was only aware of him in the late 1940s when approached by a writer. He later discovered a Sade's papers in the family's château in Condé-en-Brie and collaborated with scholars for decades to ensure their publication. The Marquis Thibault de Sade, his youngest son, has continued the friendship. The family has also registered a mark on the name. In 1983, the family bought the Château de Condé. Some manuscripts are kept in libraries and archives, as well as the manuscripts they hold. Many people were lost in the 18th and 19th centuries, however. After Sade's death at the behest of his son, Donatien-Claude-Armand, a significant number of people were killed.

Sade lived a scandalous libertine existence and regularly obtained young prostitutes as well as employees of both sexes in his castle in Lacoste. He had also been accused of blasphemy, which was also deemed a serious offence. Anne-Prospère, his wife's sister, who had come to live at the castle, was also involved in his behavior.

Sade lived mostly in or near Paris beginning in 1763. Sade's four months after his marriage in May 1763 was charged with outrage towards public morals, blasphemy, and profanation of Christ's image. Sade obtained the services of Jeanne Testard, a local prostitute, for sodomy, which was refused on October 18th. He eventually put her in his apartment before asking if she believed in God. Sade continued to yell profane and impieties regarding Jesus and the Virgin Mary, accusing there was no god. Sade descended on a church chalice, stomping on an ivory crucifix while invoking blasphemies, before ordering her to beat him with a cane whip and an iron whip, which had been warmed by fire. Sade ordered Testard to stomp on a crucifix while repeating, "Bastard, I don't give a fuck about you." Throughout the night, the scabbard appeared in several blasphemous poems. Testard then reported Sade to authorities, who arrested him on October 29th, and incarcerated him for fifteen days in Vincennes' jail. On November 13, the King ordered Sade's release following several contrite letters in which Sade expressed sorrow and begged to see a priest.

Sade returned to Paris in September 1764, but he quickly earned a bad reputation, causing the chief police inspector to warn local madams that their prostitutes do not accompany him to his countryside home. "We will soon be hearing of the Comte de Sade's horrors due to his sexual infamy," he was placed under surveillance by the police, who gave detailed accounts of his activities over the years.

Sade had met Rose Keller, a 36-year-old German widow, at the Place des Victoires on Easter Sunday, and after reassuring her that they needed house service, which involved sweeping his bedroom, they rode in his carriage to Sade's country residence, where she was subsequently imprisoned and held captive. Keller was bindled before the sade began to bind her with a whip over the course of two days. Despite court records indicating that Sade cut into Keller's back, buttocks, and thighs before pouring hot wax into the wounds, Keller failed to give evidence of her claim two days after the incident occurred. Sade applied ointment to Keller as she wept and unbound her, urging Keller to wipe the bloodstains from her gown as he briefly departed on the day. Keller then escaped via a window before informing nearby locals and authorities, sparking Sade's arrest in June. He was briefly detained in the then-prison Château de Saumur and banished to his château at Lacoste in 1768, but Keller was soon bribes to drop charges.

Sade procured four prostitutes with the help of his manservant, Latour, on June 27th. Sade whipped the prostitutes during the ordeal and begged them to do the same. He then entered an intimate relationship with the prostitutes, two of whom had refused, before engaging in mutual sodomy with his manservant. Sade promised them chocolates laced with an aphrodisiac in the hopes that the chocolate would bring him closer to satisfying his sexual fantasies with them. As the young women, who were suspicious of the chocolate's contents, became pale and sick, they alerted authorities of the sodomy and suspected attempted poisoning, prompting an investigation to be launched. Both men were sentenced to death in absentia, charged with sodomy, attempted poisoning, and the country's morals were condemned. Sade and his wife's sister were taken to Italy, where Sade had been in love with him since she was 13 years old. Sade and Latour were arrested and jailed at Fortress of Miolans in French Savoy in late 1772, but the twosome recovered four months later. Sade and Latour were caught and arrested with the assistance of Sade's mother-in-law.

Sade later hid in Lacoste, where he rejoined his wife, who became an accomplice in his new ventures. Sade began partaking in orgies at his house during his wife's marriage, in which he produced a series of dramatic sexual performances involving five young females and a young manservant aged between 14 and 16 years old. The servants' parents' allegations that Sade had kidnapped and seduced their children by January 1775. When one of the male servants fled to his uncle's house, Sade immediately advised her not to keep her prisoner jailer before going further to avoid the scandal. Authorities learned of his sexual debauchery, but Sade and his family were forced to leave Italy once more after reports of kidnapping and rape. Voyage d'Italie was written during this period. In 1776, he returned to Lacoste, recruiting many women, the majority of whom had already left soon. The father of one of these workers went to Lacoste to see his daughter in 1777 and tried to shoot the Marquis at point blank range, but the pistol failed.

Sade was tricked into going to Paris later this year to visit his apparently ill mother, who had recently passed away. In the Château de Vincennes, he was arrested and imprisoned. In 1778, he successfully appealed his death sentence, but under lavatory code, he remained detained. He escaped but was soon recaptured. He revived writing and met Comte de Mirabeau, a fellow prisoner who also wrote sexual stories. Despite this common interest, the two boys began to detest each other intensely.

Vincennes had been closed in 1784, and Sade was moved to the Bastille. He wrote the manuscript for his magnum opus Les 120 Journées de Sodome (The 120 Days of Sodom), a story in minuscule handwriting on a continuous roll of paper he rolled tightly and attached to a wall to hide in his cell wall. He was unable to complete the duties and was taken "naked as a worm" to Charenton's insane asylum two days after he reportedly sparked unrest outside the prison by yelling to the crowds. Before being booted from the jail, Sade was unable to recover the manuscript before being released from the jail. On July 14, the Bastille, a big event of the French Revolution, took place ten days after Sade left. He feared that the book had been destroyed in the Bastille's storm, but it was actually saved by a man named Arnoux de Saint-Maximin two days before the Bastille was struck. Saint-Maximin did not know why he sent the book to safety, nor is there anything else about him. Sade was released from Charenton after the new National Constituent Assembly abolished the notion of lettre de cachet. His wife got a divorce quickly after.

During Sade's reign of liberty, beginning in 1790, he sold several of his books anonymously. Marie-Constance Quesnet, a former actress with a six-year-old son who had been abandoned by her husband, was a real man with a six-year-old son. Constance and Sade stayed together for the remainder of his life.

He began to adapt well to the new political order after the revolution, defended the republic, said himself "Citizen Sade," and gained many senior positions throughout his aristocratic career.

He moved to Paris due to the harm done to his estate in Lacoste, which was destroyed in 1789 by an outraged crowd. In 1790, he was elected to the National Convention, where he represented the far left. He was a member of the Piques section, which was known for its skepticism. He wrote several political pamphlets, one of which called for the adoption of direct vote. However, there is ample evidence that he suffered abuse from his fellow revolutionaries due to his aristocratic origins. The deposition of his son in May 1792, when he had been serving as a second lieutenant and the aide decamp to a key colonel, the Marquis de Toulengeon, was not aided by his son's. Sade was compelled to annul his son's emancipation in order to save himself. His name was later this year, whether by chance or wilful malice, to the Bouches-du-Rhône department's list of émigrés.

He wrote an adoring eulogy for Jean-Paul Marat, despite denying his participation in the Reign of Terror in 1793. He was increasingly critical of Maximilien Robespierre, and on December 5, he was banned from his positions, accused of moderatism, and jailed for almost a year. He was released in 1794 following the Reign of Terror's conclusion.

He had to sell his demolished castle in Lacoste in 1796, now entirely destitute.

Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the arrest of a libel author of Justine and Juliette in 1801, owing to his annoyance that he had been sent a copy of the latter book by Sade. Sade was arrested at his publisher's office and imprisoned without trial; first in the Sainte-Pélagie Prison, and later, in the harsh Bicêtre Asylum, he had attempted to seduce young prisoners.

He was declared insane by his family in 1803 and moved once more to the Charenton Asylum, thanks to his efforts. His ex-wife and children had agreed to pay his pension there. Constance, who appears to be his uncle, was allowed to live with him at Charenton. Abbé de Coulmier, the institution's director, allowed and encouraged him to perform several of his plays with the inmates as actors, which was seen by the Parisian audience. Coulmier's novel psychotherapy theories attracted skepticism. Sade was put into solitary confinement and was denied pens and paper in 1809. The government had ordered Coulmier to stop all theatrical performances in 1813.

Sade began a sexual relationship with Madeleine LeClerc, the niece of a Charenton employee. This lasted for four years before he died in 1814.

He had left instructions in his will denying that his body be opened for any reason whatsoever and that it sits untouched for 48 hours in the chamber, before being buried in Malmaison near Épernon. These instructions were not followed; he was buried at Charenton. His skull was later removed from the grave for phrenological examination. All his remaining unpublished manuscripts, as well as the monumental multi-volume work Les Journées de Florbelle, were burned by his son.

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