Karl Marx

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German philosopher Karl Heinrich Marx (Germany: [maks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociolog, cultural theorist, and a socialist critic of the German political system, as well as a socialist reformer. The 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto and the four-volume Das Kapital (1867–1883) were two of his best-known titles. Marx's political and philosophical philosophy had a major influence on subsequent intellectual, economic, and political history. His name has been used as an adjective, a noun, and a school of sociology.

Marx, a German immigrant, studied law and philosophy at Bonn and Berlin universities. In 1843, he married Jenny von Westphalen, a German theatre critic and political activist. Marx became stateless and spent decades in exile in London, where he continued to develop his thought in collaboration with German philosopher Friedrich Engels and publish his books in the British Museum Reading Room, contributing in the British Museum Reading Room.

Human societies develop through class conflict, according to Marx's critical theories about society, economics, and politics, collectively referred to as Marxism. This appears in the capitalist mode of production, where the ruling classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that control both production and the working classes (known as the proletariat) ensure these items are controlled by selling their labour-power in exchange for pay. Marx predicted that capitalism would cause internal tensions similar to previous socioeconomic regimes and that it would lead to its demise and replacement by a new method of production known as the socialist model. Marx, class antagonisms under capitalism, which may be due in part to the working class's class consciousness's growth, which may lead to their ascension to political control and then the establishment of a classless, communist society governed by a free association of producers. Marx pushed for its incorporation, contending that the working class should take coordinated proletarian action to destabilize capitalism and bring about socioeconomic liberation.

Marx has been praised and chastised, and his career has been praised and critiqued. His work in economics paved the way for several new theories regarding jobs and capital. Marx's work has influenced many academics, workers, artists, and political parties around the world, with many adapting or adapting his theories. Marx is often regarded as one of the leading architects of modern social science.

Personal life

Marx and von Westphalen had seven children together, but three of them died before they arrived in London, partly due to their poor weather. Jenny Caroline (m. Longuet) (1846-1854), Emma (m. Lafargue, 1848-1851), Edgar (1849–1855), Jenny Emmaline Frances ("Franziska"), one more who died before being identified (July 1857); Henry Edward Guy ("Guido); 1847-1911); Herbert Guy ("Guido" (1848–1843); Jenny Laura (m. Lafargue; 1849–1855); Henry Edward Marx was a loving father, according to his son-in-law, Paul Lafargue. In 1962, there were allegations that Marx fathered a son, Freddy, out of wedlock by his housekeeper, Helene Demuth, but the allegation is dismissed due to a lack of concrete evidence.

Marx used pseudonyms a lot when buying a house or flat, presumably making it difficult for the authorities to track him down. Though he used the term "Monsieur Ramboz" in Paris, he did not use "Monsieur Ramboz" in London, but he did not write his letters as "A. Williams" in London. During his black complexion and black curly hair, his neighbors referred to him as "Moor," but his children were urged to call him "Old Nick" and "Charley." He bestowed nicknames and pseudonyms on his colleagues and family members as well, referring to Friedrich Engels as "General," his housekeeper Helene "Lenchen" or "Nym," although Jennychen's daughter, "Qui Qui, Emperor of China," while another, Laura, was identified as "the Hottentot."

Marx drank heavily until his death after joining the Trier Tavern Club in the 1830s.

Marx was plagued by poor health (he himself referred to it as "the wretchedness of existence"), and a number of writers have attempted to describe and explain it. Werner Blumenberg, Marx's biographer, attributed it to liver and gall problems, which he suffered with in 1849, but it was not exacerbated by an unhealthy diet. The attacks were often associated with headaches, eye inflammation, neuralgia, and rheumatic pains. In 1877, a severe anxiety disorder was present, and prolonged insomnia was a result, which Marx combated with narcotics. Excessive nocturnal activity and a poor diet contributed to the disease's progression. Marx loved highly seasoned dishes, smoked fish, caviare, pickled cucumbers, "none of which are beneficial to liver patients," but he also liked wine and liqueurs, "which was usually poor-quality cigars." Marx was worried about boils from 1863: "These are very common among liver patients and may be due to the same causes." Marx couldn't sit or stand upright because the abscess were so bad. Marx's irritability is often present in liver patients, according to Blumenberg:

Marx may have had pneumonia or pleurisy in his late teens, causing him to be barred from Prussian military service, according to Princeton historian Jerrold Seigel. Marx suffered from a series of ailments in later life, particularly when he wasn't working on Das Kapital (which he never achieved). Overwork, a poor diet, and a lack of sleep all contributed to a liver ailment, mainly hereditary. Eye inflammation was triggered by too much sleep at night. "A third affliction, an outbreak of carbuncles or boils, was likely caused by general physical infirmity to which Marx's style of life – alcohol, tobacco, inadequate diet, and inability to sleep – all contributed. Engels had often begged Marx to reform this unstable regime. What lay behind this punishing sacrifice of his health may have been shame about self-involvement and egoism, which were triggered in Karl Marx by his father.

In 2007, a retrodiagnosis of Marx's skin disease by dermatologist Sam Shuster of Newcastle University and Shuster was performed, but the most likely explanation was that Marx did not suffer from liver disease, not from liver dysfunction, but rather from hidradenitis suppurativa, a chronic infectious disease that arises from blockage of apocrine ducts opening into hair follicles. This condition, which was not described in the English medical literature until 1933, can cause joint pain (which may have been misdiagnosed as a rheumatic disorder) and painful eye disorders. Shuster used the Marx correspondence collected in the Marx correspondence in the 50 volumes of the Marx/Engels Collected Works to arrive at his retrodiagnosis. "British, boils," and "carbuncles" by Marx, his wife, and his doctors, "the skin lesions were too recurrent, destructive, and site-specific for that disease." "In the armpits, groins, perianal, genital (penis and scrotum), and suprapubic (penis and scrotum) and inner thighs, "one of the'most preferred sites of hydradenitis suppurativa' was noted regularly." "The diagnosis can now be made definitively," Professor Shuster said.

Shuster continued to consider the potential psychosocial consequences of the condition, noting that the skin is an organ of communication and that hidradenitis suppurativa causes a lot of psychological distress, including loathing and shame, mood, and well-being, which Shuster described as "no evidence" in the Marx correspondence. Professor Shuster continued to ask himself if the psychological consequences of the illness affected Marx's career and even aided him in developing his theory of alienation.

Marx developed a catarrh following his wife Jenny's death in December 1881, which kept him in poor health for the last 15 months of his life. The bronchitis and pleurisy that killed him in London on March 14th, 1883, when he died as a stateless person at the age of 64. On 17 March 1883, a family and friends in London buried his body in Highgate Cemetery (East), London, a region that had been reserved for agnostics and atheists (George Eliot's grave is nearby). Francis Wheen's funeral was between nine and eleven mourners at his funeral, but new reports reveals thirteen named people attending the funeral. They were Friedrich Engels, Eleanor Marx, Edward Aveling, Paul Lafargue, Helene Demuth, Kathie Demuth, Wilhelm Liebknecht, Gömke, Frederick Lessner, Glochner, Sir Ray Lankester, Carl Schorleymmer, and Ernest Radford. According to a modern newspaper account, 25 to 30 relatives and friends attended the funeral. 'By a strange blunder... his death was not announced for two days, and then as if it had occurred in Paris.' The correction came from Paris the next day, and when his friends and followers arrived in Haverstock Hill to find the time and place of burial, they learned that he was already in the cold ground. However, a major public demonstration would have undoubtedly been postponed due to his grave [sic] and haste.'

Engels' speech included the passage:

Eleanor and Laura, Marx's two French socialist sons-in-law, as well as Charles Longuet and Paul Lafargue, were all in attendance. He had been predeceased by his wife and his eldest daughter, the former dying a few months earlier in January 1883. Liebknecht, the founder and leader of the German Social Democratic Camp, gave a speech in German and Longuet, a prominent figure in France's working-class movement, who made a brief speech in French. Two telegrams from employees' groups in France and Spain were also read out. This, as well as Engels' address, constituted the complete funeral program. Three Communist associates of Marx -- Friedrich Lessner, who was imprisoned for three years after the Cologne Communist Trial of 1852; G. Lochner, a member of the Royal Society; and a communist activist involved in the 1848 Baden revolution; and Karl Schorlemmer, a professor of chemistry in Manchester; and Friedrich Lessner, a communist activist active in the 1848 Baden revolution. Ray Lankester, a British zoologist who would later become a respected academic, was another attendee of the funeral.

Marx left a personal estate worth at £250 (equivalent to $26,788 in 2021). Engels left Marx's two surviving daughters a "significant portion" of his considerable estate after his own death in 1895 (valued at US$4.8 million).

In November 1954, Marx and his family were reburied on a new site nearby. "Workers of All Lands Unite," the last line of The Communist Manifesto's, is the tomb at the new site, and the philosophers have only interpreted the world in a variety of ways—the point, however, is to change it." The Communist Party of Greater Britain (CPGB) had the monument with a portrait bust by Laurence Bradshaw, but Marx's original tomb had only humble adornment. Claudia Jones, a black civil rights king and CPGB activist, was later buried alongside Karl Marx's grave.

"One cannot say Marx died a failure" after he had not gained a large number of followers in Britain, his books had already begun to have a positive influence on German and Russian left-wing movements. The continental European socialist parties that acknowledged Marx's influence on their politics were up by 51% in those countries with representative democratic elections within 25 years of his death.

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