Joseph-Ignace Guillotin

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Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (28 May 1738 – 26 March 1814) was a French physician, sociologist, and freemason who suggested the use of a device to carry out death sentences in France on October 10th, which was a less painful method of execution in France.

Although he did not invent the guillotine nor oppose the death penalty in any way, his name became an eponym for it. Tobias Schmidt, the true inventor of the prototype, was a man named Tobias Schmidt who worked with king's physician Antoine Louis.

Early life and education

Guillotin was born in Saintes, France, on May 28th, the second son of Joseph-Alexandre Guillotin and Catherine Agatha Martin. Legend has it that he was born prematurely because his mother was in danger after hearing the screams of a man being tortured to death on the breaking wheel.

Guillotin's early training was in Bordeaux, and he obtained a Master of Arts degree at the University of Aquitaine in December 1761. The essay that prompted him to earn the degree delighted the Jesuits so much that they invited him to become a literature professor at the Irish College in Bordeaux. However, he departed after a few years and travelled to Paris to study medicine, becoming a Antoine Petit pupil. He obtained a diploma from Reims in 1768 and his doctorate at the School of Medicine in Paris in 1770, which also gave him the rank of Doctor-Regent. He was able to teach medicine in Paris thanks to his work as a doctor.

Personal life

Guillotin's family was so embarrassed that they petitioned the French government to rename it; instead, they pressed their own name after the government refused. A person named Guillotin was indeed executed by the guillotine, and he was J.M.V. Guillotin, a Lyon doctor, is a doctor. J-I's erroneous claims may have contributed to J-I's erroneous assertions. On the machine that bears his name, Guillotin was put to death; however, Guillotin died at home in Paris in 1814, specifically from a carbuncle, and is buried in the Père-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. He was married to Louise Saugrain, the sister of the physician and chemist Antoine Saugrain.

In 1765, Joseph Guillotin was initiated into Freemasonry at "La Parfaite Union" lodge in Angoulême. He was very popular as a mason, and he was in several other lodges. He was a member of the Grand Orient of France from 1772 and attended all its conventions until 1790. In 1773, he became the Worshipful Master of the lodge "La Concorde Fraternelle" in Paris. He founded the "La Vérité" lodge in 1776 and regularly attended Les Neuf Soir.

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Career

Guillotin, a well-known physician in Paris, became a well-known doctor. He was concerned about torture and death by 1775. He wrote a memo in 1999 recommending that criminals be used as subjects for medical experiments. Despite admitting it was cruel, he found it preferable to being executed. When Franz Mesmer began to publicize his belief of "animal magnetism" was dismissed by some, Louis XVI appointed a commission to look into it, and Guillotin was elected a member, along with Jean Sylvain Bailly, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, Antoine Lavoisier, and Benjamin Franklin. Mesmer was declared a fraud by the commission, putting Guillotin in jeopardy, which put Guillotin in jeopardy.

Guillotin drafted a pamphlet entitled Petition of the Citizens Living in Paris in December 1788, arguing for the correct constitution of the Estates-General. The French parliament attempted to silence his pamphlet and summoned him to testify about his positions, but the audience rallied in favour of him, and he was banned, which contributed to his rise in his fame. On May 2nd, 1789, he became one of ten Paris deputies in the Estates-General of 1789 and was the secretary to the body from June 1789 to October 1791. The National Assembly was locked out of its chamber on June 20th, 1789, as the members were now calling themselves. The guillin suggested reconvene in a nearby jeu de paume court, where the members swore the Tennis Court Oath, vowing "not to divide and reassemble as the kingdom's Constitution is established."

Guillotin's first thoughts as a member of the assembly attracted his concern for medical reform. He toured the Hôtel-Dieu and contributed to the paper that exposed the unsanitary conditions there as a member of the Poverty Committee. In 1791, he became the first chair of the Health Committee and introduced a bill for medical reform.

He was also worried about a criminal law reform at the same time. His experiences as a doctor had prompted him to protest capital punishment: first, he attempted to avoid it, but it was unsuccessful. Beheading in France at that time was usually by axe or sword, and death did not necessarily result in immediate death. In addition, beheading was reserved for the nobility, though commoners were traditionally hanged, which could take a long time as the techniques used by the noose to crack the victim's neck were yet to be developed. Burning at the stake, the breaking wheel, death by boiling, and dismemberment were among the other methods used. Guillotin understood that if he could not prevent executions, he could at least make them more humane.

"The criminal will be decapitated," he said on October 10, 1789, and that will be done solely by means of a simple device. The "mechanism" was described as "a machine that beheads painlessly" by the user. His plan appeared in Les Actes des Apôtres, the Royalist periodical.

In all, Guillotin proposed six articles:

Guillotin's argument was that if a fair system existed in which the only method of capital punishment was mechanical decapitation, the public would be more appreciative of their rights. Despite this plan, Guillotin was opposed to the death penalty, and she hoped that a more humane and less painful method of execution would be the first step toward complete abolition. He also hoped that, as the decapitation machine would die without prolonged agony, it would decrease the size and enthusiasm of crowds that often saw executions.

Guillotin made a remark during a follow-up address to the Assembly on December 1st. "Now, with my machine, I cut off your head in the twinkling of an eye, and you never see it." He was quoted (or perhaps misquoted). The statement grew into a joke, and just a few days after the discussion, a humorous song about Guillotin and "his" machine circulated, forever tying his name to it, despite the fact that he was not involved in its design or construction. The Moniteur of 18 December 1789 condemned the joking but Guillotin's "winkling of an eye" argument for posterity was repeated.

The articles were contentious because the criminals' rights and families' families had not been considered before, but they were accepted over the course of many years, with the "decapitation by simple machine" ultimately becoming law on March 20, 1792. In the meantime, the Assembly had contracted Antoine Louis to produce such a machine. His plan was unveiled on March 17th, but executions of it took place on April 25th, 1792. Guillotin had already retired from the Assembly by October 1791, returning to practice medicine, but not until October 1791. During the Reign of Terror, he travelled to Arras to become the head of the military hospital there, returning to Paris a year later.

A letter from Comte de Méré to Guillotin, a public prosecutor, Fauquier-Tinville, in which the Count, who was to be executed, commended his wife and children to Guillotin's care near the end of the Reign of Terror. Guillotin's officers requested that they be notified of the whereabouts of the Count's wife and children. Guillotin was arrested and detained after either did not or could not provide the details. After Robespierre fell from office, he was released from jail in the general amnesty of 9 Thermidor (1779).

A letter from the Moniteur in November 1795 reveals that the guillotine's victims survived for several minutes after beheading. Guillotin was shocked, and for the remainder of his life, he regretted that the machine was named after him. The widespread belief that the individual who suggested the use of a decapitation device to execute executions must clearly support it.

Guillotin was one of the first French doctors to endorse Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination, and in 1805, he was the chairman of the Central Vaccination Committee in Paris. He also established one of the National Academy of Medicine's precursors.

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