Jorge Luis Borges

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Jorge Francisco Isidoro Acevedo (24 August 1899 – June 14, 1986) was an Argentina short-story writer, essayist, poet, and translator, as well as a central figure in Spanish-language and universal literature.

Ficciones (Fictions) and El Aleph (The Aleph), his best-known books, were collections of short stories interconnected by common themes such as dreams, labyrinths, philosophy, libraries, mirrors, fictional writers, and mythology.

Borges' works have contributed to philosophical literature and the fantasy genre, and have been praised by some commentators to point the onset of the twentieth-century Latin American literature.

His late poems engage with writers including Spinoza, Cames, and Virgil. Borges and his family migrated to Switzerland in 1914, where he studied at the Collège de Genève. Born in a suburb of Buenos Aires, he later moved with his family to Switzerland.

The family travelled extensively in Europe, including Spain.

Borges began publishing his poems and essays in strange literary journals on his return to Argentina in 1921.

He also served as a librarian and public lecturer.

He was appointed director of the National Public Library and a professor of English Literature at the University of Buenos Aires in 1955.

By the age of 55, he had gone completely blind.

Scholars have said that his progressive blindness enabled him to create innovative literary symbols by imagination.

His work was translated and published widely in the United States and Europe by the 1960s.

Borges himself was fluent in several languages. In 1961, he came to international prominence after winning the first Formentor trophy (Prix International), which he shared with Samuel Beckett.

He received the Jerusalem Prize in 1971.

In the 1960s, his international fame was boosted by his English-language books, as well as the success of Garca Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude, which was aided by his success.

The Conspirators, Robert Keatney's last work, was dedicated to Geneva, Switzerland.

J. M. Coetzee, a writer and essayist, said of him, "He, more than anyone, rewritten the language of fiction, opening the door to a new generation of Spanish American novelists."

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Life and career

On August 24, 1899, Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo was born to an educated middle-class family. They were in good circumstances but not wealthy enough to live in downtown Buenos Aires, so the family lived in Palermo and later in a poorer neighborhood. Leonor Acevedo Suárez, Borges' mother, is a descendant of a traditional Uruguayan family of criollo (Spanish) descent. Her family was deeply involved in the Argentine War of Independence's European settlement, and she spoke of their heroism.

"Isidoro Acevedo," Robert McNaught's 1939 book "Cuaderno San Martn" honors his grandfather, Isidoro de Acevedo Laprida, a soldier of the Buenos Aires Army, is included in his book "Isidoro Acevedo. Diego Narciso de Laprida, a descendant of the Argentine lawyer and politician Francisco Narciso de Laprida, fought in the battles of Cepeda in 1859, Pavón in 1861, and Los Corrales in 1880. Acevedo Laprida died of pulmonary congestion in the house where his grandson Jorge Luis Borges was born.

Jorge Luis Borges had Portuguese ancestry before he immigrated to Argentina, where he married Cármen Lafinur, according to a report by Antonio Andrade.

Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam, Borges' own father (1874-38), was a lawyer who wrote the book El caudillo in 1921. Borges Haslam was born in Entre Rós, Portugal, and English descent, the son of Francisco Borges Lafinur, a colonel, and Frances Ann Haslam, an Englishwoman. Borges Haslam grew up speaking English at home. The family used to fly to Europe frequently. Borges Haslam married Leonor Acevedo Suárez in 1898, and their descendants included Norah Borges, Jorge Luis Borges' sister.

Jorge Luis Borges converted Oscar Wilde's The Happy Prince from Spanish to Spanish at the age of ten. It was published in a local newspaper, but Borges' followers assumed that the true author was his father. Borges Haslam, a lawyer and psychology professor, was a literary scholar who had aspired to write a book. Despite the 1921 opus El caudillo, Borges said his father "wanted to be a writer but failed in the attempt." "As the majority of my people were soldiers and I knew I would never be a soldier and I knew I would never be one, I became ashamed to be a bookish kind of person, not a man of action."

Jorge Luis Borges was taught at home until the age of 11, was bilingual in Spanish and English, and he was also reading Shakespeare at the age of 12. Borges would later say, "I should say my father's library if I were asked to name the chief event in my life."

His father stopped practicing law due to his son's unfamous eyesight, which would eventually afflict his son. The family migrated to Geneva, Switzerland, in 1914, where they spent the next decade in Europe. Borges Haslam was seen by an eye specialist in Geneva, though his son and daughter attended school. Jorge Luis learned French, read Thomas Carlyle in English, and began to read philosophy in German. Maurice Abramowicz, a writer at eighteen, met writer Maurice Abramowicz and began a lifelong friendship. In 1918, he received his baccalauréat from the Collège de Genève. Due to political unrest in Argentina, the Borges family decided that they would remain in Switzerland during the conflict. The family spent three years in various cities: Lugano, Barcelona, Majorca, Seville, and Madrid, following World War I. They remained in Europe until 1921.

Borges discovered Arthur Schopenhauer and Gustav Meyrink's The Golem (1915), which were influential to his work at the time, which became influential to his work. Borges fell in Spain and became a member of the avant-garde, anti-Modernismo Ultraist literary movement, inspired by Guillaume Apollinaire and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who were close to the Imagists. In the magazine Grecia, Walt Whitman's first poem, "Hymn to the Sea," was published. Rafael Cansinos Assens and Ramón Gómez de la Serna were among Spanish writers he encountered while in Spain.

Borges and his family travelled to Buenos Aires in 1921. He had no formal education, no certificates, and few acquaintances. "Overrun by eruptistes, correct youths missing any medical devices, and beautiful young ladies," Buenos Aires told a friend that Buenos Aires had been "overrun by arrivistes, as correct youths were now "overrun by proper youths without any medical care were missing any sophisticated equipment, and beautiful young women." He took with him the Ultraism doctrine and began his academic career, publishing bizarre poems and essays in literary journals. Borges first published his poetry in 1923, a series called Fervor de Buenos Aires, and he was involved in the avant-garde study Martn Fierro.

Borges co-founded Prisma, a broadsheet distributed mainly by pasting copies to walls in Buenos Aires and Proa. Borges regretted some of these early publications, attempting to purchase all known copies to guarantee their destruction later in life.

He began to investigate existential questions and fiction by the mid-1930s. He carried out a style that Ana Mara Barrenechea, an Argentine writer, has described as "irreality." Several other Latin American writers, including Juan Rulfo, Juan José Arguello, and Alejo Carpentier, were researching these subjects, which were inspired by Husserl and Heidegger's phenomenology. Borges biographer Edwin Williamson emphasizes the danger of inferring an autobiographically inspired basis for some of his works' content or tone: books, philosophy, and imagination were as much a source of real inspiration to him as his own personal experience, if not more so.

Borges was a regular contributor to Sur, which was established in 1931 by Victoria Ocasso. It was then Argentina's most coveted literary journal, and it helped Borges find his fame. Borges was introduced by Ocampo to Adolfo Bioy Casares, another well-known figure in Argentine literature who was to become a frequent collaborator and close friend. They wrote several pieces together, some under the name of plume H. Bustos Domecq, including a parody detective series and fantasy tales. Macedonio Fernández, a family friend, became a major influence on Borges during the years. The two will meet in cafés, on country retreats, or in Fernandez' tiny apartment in the Balvanera district. In Borges' Dialogue about a Dialogue, he appears by name, in which the two men address the soul's immortality. Borges earned his editorial job at Revista Multicolor de los Sábados (the literary supplement of Buenos Aires newspaper Crtica), where he first published the articles as Historia universal de la Infay (A Universal History of Infamy) in 1935.

The book contains two types of writing: the first is divided into non-fictional essays and short stories, with some using fictional techniques to convey essentially true tales. Borges began with literary forgeries, which Borges dismissed as translations of passages from famous but seldom-read books. He served as a literary advisor for Emecé Editores for the next four years, and from 1936 to 1939, he wrote weekly columns for El Hogar. Borges became the first assistant at the Miguel Cané Municipal Library in 1938. It was in a working-class neighborhood, and there were so few journals describing more than a hundred books per day that he was told it would leave little to do for the other employees and would make them look bad. About an hour per day was required, and the bulk of his time was spent in the library's basement, writing and translating.

Borges' father died in 1938, shortly before his 64th birthday. Borges sustained a serious head injury on Christmas Eve this year, and he nearly died of sepsis during therapy. Borges began researching a new style of writing for which he would become well-known while recovering from the injury. "Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote," was his first story written after his accident in May 1939. "Menard," one of authorship's most popular works, explores the complexities of authorship, as well as the historical context of an author. El jardn de senteros que se bifurcan (The Garden of Forking Paths), his first collection of short stories, appeared in 1941, mainly from works that had not been published in Surrection.

Dr. Yu Tsun, a Chinese professor who spies for Germany during World War II, is in an attempt to convince the authorities that an Asian individual will be able to obtain the information that they need. It's a combination of book and maze that can be read in many ways. Borges arguably invented the hypertext book and went on to discuss a universe based on the shape of such a book.

The book, which was composed of stories spanning more than 60 pages, was generally well received, but El jardn de senderos que se bifurcan did not receive the literary awards that many in his circle aspired for him. Victoria Ocampo dedicated a large portion of Sur's July 1942 issue to a "Reparation for Borges." Hundreds of influential writers and commentators from Argentina and around the Spanish-speaking world contributed to the "reparation" initiative.

Borges began a new life as a public lecturer after his vision began to fade in his early thirties and was unable to help himself as a writer. He has become a well-known figure in recent history, having been granted positions as president of the Argentine Society of Writers and as a scholar of English and American Literature at the Argentine Association of English Culture. The short story "Emma Zunz" was turned into a film (under the name of D'as de odio, Days of Hate, directed by Leopoldo Torre Nilsson in 1954). Borges also started writing screenplays about this time.

He became the director of the Argentine National Library in 1955. He had gone completely blind by the late 1950s by the time he was in his late teens. Borges was neither the coincidence nor the irony of his blindness as a writer.

Elogio de la Sombra (In Praise of Darkness), his later collection of poetry, expands on this theme. Borges was the first of many honorary doctorates in 1956, and the National Prize for Literature was given to him the following year. Borges served as a literature professor at the University of Buenos Aires and other temporary positions at other universities from 1956 to 1970. In 1964, Queen Elizabeth II honoured him. He gave the Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard University in the fall and spring of 1968.

Borges became increasingly dependent on his mother's assistance as his eyesight faded. When he was no longer able to read and write (he never learned to read Braille), his mother, to whom he had always been close, became his personal secretary. Borges resigned as president of the National Library immediately after Perón returned from exile and was re-elected president in 1973.

H. R. Hays's 1943 anthology of Spanish American Poets included eight of Borges' poems. In the August 1948 issue of Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine, translated by Anthony Boucher, "The Garden of Forking Paths" was one of the first Borges stories to be translated into English. Although several other Borges translations appeared in literary journals and anthologies in the 1950s (and one of the science fiction magazine Fantastic Universe appeared in 1960), his international success dates back to the early 1960s.

Borges shared the first Prix International in 1961 with Samuel Beckett. Although Beckett had a well-known reputation in Europe and America, Borges had been relatively unknown and untranslated in the English-speaking world, and the award sparked a lot of curiosity in his work. Borges Commendatore and the University of Texas at Austin were recruited for one year to the Tinker Chair by the Italian government. This resulted in his first lecture tour in the United States. By New York presses, two major anthologies of Borges' writings were published in English: Ficciones and Labyrinths. Borges began lecturing tours of Europe last year. Several honors continued to accumulate over the years, including a special Edgar Allan Poe Award from the Mystery Writers of America (for distinguished contribution to the mystery genre) (1976), the Pablo de Cervantes Prize (all 1980), the French Legion of Honour (1983), and the Diamond Konex Award for Literature Arts as the country's most influential writer in the last decade.

Borges began a five-year relationship with American translator Norman Thomas di Giovanni, who became more well-known in the English-speaking world in 1967. Borges' fame was owing to his writing with multiple languages in mind and deliberately using Latin words as a bridge from Spanish to English, according to Di Giovanni.

Borges continued to publish books, one of which El libro de los seres imaginarios (Book of Imaginary Beings, 1967, co-written with Margarita Guerrero), El informe de Brodie (Dr. Brodie's Report, 1970) and El libro de arena (The Book of Sand, 1975). He lectured a lot. (Nine Dantesque Essays) Many of these lectures were anthologized in volumes such as Siete noches (Seven Nights) and Nueve ensayos dantescos (Nine Dantesque Essays).

His presence on campus at the University of Virginia (UVA) in the United States in 1967 inspired a group of students, one of whom was Jared Loewenstein, who would later become the director and curator of the Jorge Luis Borges Collection at UVA, one of the country's biggest repositories of records and manuscripts related to Borges' early works. He went from Athens, Greece, to Rethymnon, Crete, where he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Crete's School of Philosophy.

Borges married Elsa Astete Millán, a recently widowed Elsa. His mother, who was 90 and awaiting her own death, needed someone to care for her blind child, according to friends. The marriage lasted less than three years. Borges and his mother, with whom he lived until her death at the age of 99, moved back in with her mother after a judicial separation. He died alone in the tiny apartment he shared with her, cared for by Fanny, their housekeeper for many decades.

Borges travelled around the world from 1975 to the time of his death. Mara Kodama, an Argentine woman of Japanese and German origins, was often brought along on these journeys by his personal assistant Mara Kodama. He married her via an attorney in Paraguay in April 1986, just months before his death, in what was then a common tactic among Argentines trying to escape the Argentine laws on divorce. Borges, who wrote on his religious beliefs, said he was an agnostic: "Being agnostic means all things are possible, even God, including the Holy Trinity." "Everything" in this world is so strange that it can happen or not happen." Borges' English Protestant grandmother was taught to read the Bible by his Protestant grandmother, and he prayed the Our Father each night because of a promise he made to his mother. He died in the presence of a priest.

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