Jair Bolsonaro

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Jair Messias Bolsonaro (Brazilian Portuguese) is a Brazilian politician and former military officer who was born on March 21, 1955; he died on January 1, 2019. He was elected in 2018 as a member of the Social Liberal Party, which he reformed into a centrist party before separating from it. Bolsonaro was a member of Brazil's Chamber of Deputies from 1991 to 2018, representing the state of Rio de Janeiro.

Bolsonaro was born in Glicério, in the state of So Paulo. He graduated from the Agulhas Negras Military Academy in 1977 and served in the Brazilian Army's field artillery and parachutist units. He became known to the public in 1986 after he wrote an article for Veja magazine criticizing low salaries for military officers, which culminated in his detention and detention for 15 days. The same journal a year ago suspected him of attempting to plant bombs in military units, which he denied. The Brazilian Supreme Military Court ruled in 1988 that he was cleared after being convicted by a lower court. He was appointed as a member of the Christian Democratic Party in 1988 and rose to the rank of captain in 1988 and ran for the Rio de Janeiro City Council that year. Bolsonaro was first elected to the lower chamber of Congress in 1990, and he has been reelected six times. During his 27-year tenure as a congressman, he became known for his national conservatism. He is a leading advocate for same-sex marriage and homosexuality, abortion, affirmative action, drug liberalization, and secularism. He has promoted closer links to the United States and Israel in foreign policy. He began campaigning for economically liberal and pro-market policies during the 2018 Brazilian general election. Both praise and chastisis have been received in Brazil as a polarizing and controversial politician, whose views and words, which have been described as far-right and populist.

Bolsonaro declared his candidacy as a member of the Social Christian Party in March 2016. He left the party in 2018 and joined the Social Liberal Party, then launched his presidential campaign in August, with former Mayor Hamilton Mouro as his running mate. He portrayed himself as an outsider and a promoter of family values. On the first round of the general election on October 7, 2018, he came in first place, with Workers' Party candidate Fernando Haddad second in second place. Bolsonaro was elected with 51% of the popular vote on October 28, 2018, and the two candidates ran for re-election.

Bolsonaro held several army officers in key positions in his cabinet. He said he'd fill posts in his government based solely on technical experience and experience rather than ideological sympathy before his inauguration. During his presidency, several appointees have differed ideologically with the government. His ministers, Education, the Minister of Education, the Minister of Finance, the head of the postal service, and other government officials fell out of favor with Bolsonaro, who resigned. In his first months in office, he concentrated on domestic affairs, mainly in the aftermath of the 2014 Brazilian economic crisis. During his first year in office, the economy did recover, but slowly, although crime figures plummeted sharply. Bolsonaro resigned from the Social Liberal Party in 2019 after a clash with other members and attempted to establish the Alliance for Brazil's party before joining the Liberal Party in order to run in the 2022 Brazilian general election. During his presidency, he rolled back safeguards for Indigenous groups in the Amazon rainforest and encouraged its deforestation. Bolsonaro's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil was largely condemned across political spectrum after he tried to downplay the pandemic and its consequences, opposed quarantine reforms, and fired two health ministers, although the death toll soared rapidly.

Early life

Bolsonaro was born in Glicério, So Paulo, southeast Brazil, on March 21, 1955, to Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro and Olinda Bonturi. His family is mainly of Italian descent, with some German roots. He is the great-grandson of Italians from Veneto and Calabria on his father's side. Bolsonaro's paternal grandfather's family comes from Veneto, more specifically Anguillara Veneta, province Padua. Vittorio Bolzonaro, his great-grandfather (the surname was originally written with a "z") was born on April 12, 1878. When Vittorio was ten, his parents, Giovanna and Tranquillo, migrated to Brazil, together with his siblings. Carl "Carlos" Hintze, his father's maternal grandfather, was born in Hamburg around 1876 and immigrated to Brazil in 1883. His German ancestry derives from his father's maternal grandfather, Carl "Carlos" Hintze. His maternal grandparents were born in Lucca, Tuscany, and moved to Brazil in the 1890s. His mother Olinda Bonturi Bolsonaro died at the age of 94 on January 21, 2022. Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro, his father, died in 1995.

Bolsonaro spent the majority of his childhood in So Paulo, Jundoa and Sete Barras, before settling in Eldorado, the state's southern region, where he grew up with his five brothers.

His first name is a tribute to Jair da Rosa Pinto, a football player for Palmeiras at the time of Bolsonaro's birth and who died on the same day.

Personal life

Bolsonaro has been married three times and has five children. Rogéria Nantes Braga, his first wife, has three sons (including Eduardo, Carlos, and Eduardo) and he has three children. Ana Cristina Valle was his second marriage (with whom he has a son, Renan). He married Michelle de Paula Firmo Reinaldo, his third and current wife (with whom he has a daughter, Laura), in 2007.

Bolsonaro recruited Michelle as a secretary while serving in Congress, and over the next two years, she earned unexpected promotions and her salary more than tripled. After the Supreme Federal Court found that nepotism is unlawful in the public sector, he was compelled to fire her. Bolsonaro and his wife were born in Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, as of 2018.

Bolsonaro has three grandchildren, two by his son Fláviao and one by his son Eduardo. Eduardo and Flávia Bolsonaro, both evangelical Protestant Christians and members of the Brazilian Baptist Church, are evangelical Protestant Christians and members of the Baptist Church.

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Military career

Bolsonaro was accepted to the Escola Prepartete de Cadetes do Exército, the Brazilian Army's prep school, which he joined in 1973. He graduated from Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (Brazil's top military academy) in 1974, becoming an Artillery officer. He was in the 9th Field Artillery Company in Nioaque, Mato Grosso do Sul. He studied at the Army Physical Education School in Rio de Janeiro and was active in the Paratrooper Field Artillery Group and the 8th Paratrooper Field Artillery Group, both in the same city. His management officers said he was "aggressive" and had a "excessive desire to see financial and economic gains. Bolsonaro's attempt to mine gold in Bahia state was referred to by the study, who said that it was purely a "hobby and mental health" factor. He completed the Artillery Advanced Course in 1987 and spent his time in the Officers Improvement School.

Bolsonaro's first rise to fame came in 1986, when he gave an interview to the news journal Veja. As the command was advising the public, he protested low military salaries and claimed that the High Command was firing officers due to budgetary cuts but not because they were displaying 'deviations of conduct.' Bolsonaro's reprimandement by his superiors was lauded by fellow officers and wives of military men, eventually becoming a household term for hardliners and right-wingers dissatisfied with Brazil's new civilian democratic government.

Bolsonaro was charged with a new accusation in October 1987. Veja revealed that he had plans to plant bombs in military units in Rio de Janeiro, alongside an Army colleague. The allegation "a fantasy," Bolsonaro said in the magazine's next issue, were sketches in which the scheme was detailed. Bolsonaro had allegedly made the drawings. Official records discovered by the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo in 2018 were more extensive. Bolsonaro was unanimously found guilty following an investigation by an administrative military branch named Justification Board. Bolsonaro had a "serious personality change and a career deformation," as well as "lack of moral inclination to leave the Army" and "lied throughout the process" when denying frequent communications with Veja. The Supreme Military Court ruled on the situation after it was decided. Bolsonaro was cleared by the general in charge of reporting the case, who argued that there were no scientific confirmation of his plans to plant bombs, and that there were "deep contradictions in the four graphological tests," two of which failed to conclude that Bolsonaro was the author of the sketches. Bolsonaro was cleared by the majority of the court (9 x 4 votes). He left the Army in December 1988 to begin his political career right after this decision. He was in the military for 15 years, first as a captain.

Political career

Bolsonaro debuted in 1988 and was elected city councilor in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's Christian Democratic Party representative (PDC). Bolsonaro "was a candidate for councilor because it was the only alternative he had at the time to avoid persecution by some superiors," Bolsonaro's biography. His introduction to politics came by chance, because his ambition was to continue in his military service."

He was in the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro for only two years. He was described as a "quiet, discrete, and conservative councilor," but showed no interest in his activities. His term as councilor was mainly used to promote military causes, such as retirement savings for former officers.

Bolsonaro was elected as a federal deputy for the Christian Democratic Party in the 1990 elections. He served seven terms in a row, from 1991 to 2018. Over the years, he has been affiliated with various Brazilian political parties. He was the congressman with the most votes in Rio de Janeiro in 2014, winning 55,000.

He proposed one constitutional amendment and at least 171 bills in his 27 years of Brazilian National Congress service, two of which became law. Bolsonaro, who claims to have been persecuted by the left-wing movements, said that most congressmen do not vote according to their agenda, but "by whom the bill's author is."

Bolsonaro resigned from the Social Christian Party in January 2018 and joined the Social Liberal Party (PSL). Following his arrival, the PSL took conservative and right-wing positions, and its political party Livres declared its resignation from the PSL.

Bolsonaro was named president in the 2018 election on July 22nd by the PSL in 2018. He was also supported by the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party. "Brazil rules precedence over all, God above all" was his coalition's name (Brasil acima de todos). Despite being contested by two cases, the Superior Electoral Court of Brazil deferred them and declared his candidacy on August 6th. Antônio Hamilton Mouro, a former army general, was his running mate, according to Bolsonaro in August.

Bolsonaro moderated his tone early in the campaign, adopting a less aggressive and confrontational style, according to political pundits. He began to believe less government involvement in the economy, in contrast to the previous, when he defended developmentalist policies). On the other hand, he maintained his tough line on crime and his defense of "traditional family values." Bolsonaro also stated that he planned to eliminate taxes across the board, especially on inheritances and businesses, in order to spur innovation and combat unemployment. He also suggested more austerity steps and reductions in government spending, but he had trouble identifying the areas where he would cut jobs. He also promised to reduce the federal government's size and bureaucracy by enforcing a variety of deregulation initiatives. Bolsonaro's pledges to restore control in the wake of a string of violent crime and to put an end to Brazil's rampant political corruption earned him a huge following. In October, he declared that liberal economist Paulo Guedes would be his finance minister.

Bolsonaro attended the first presidential debate of the year on August 9, 2018, which was arranged by the television network Rede Bandeirantes. At RedeTV, a week later, there was another debate. He gave an interview to Jornal Nacional, Brazil's highest-rated primetime news service, on August 28th. Globo, a Brazilian newspaper broadcaster, gave an interview.

During the 2018 race, Bolsonaro became the first presidential candidate to raise over R$1 million in public contributions. In the first 59 days, he earned an average of R$17,000 per day.

Bolsonaro became the front-runner in the election after Workers' Party candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was arrested in April 2018, according to most major opinion polls. Bolsonaro emerged as the top contender in the first round of 28% of voters, according to a Datafolha poll from September, though runoff scenarios showed him losing to Geraldo Alckmin, Fernando Haddad, and Ciro Gomes, as well as tying with Marina Silva. A new datafolha poll, which was conducted the week before voting day, showed a substantial rise for Bolsonaro, who had 40% of the vote intentions and 36 percent when null or blank vote intentions were included. Haddad came in second with 25 percent and Gomes third with 15%.

On the first round of the election, it was held on October 7, 2018. Bolsonaro came in first place with 46% of the popular vote (42.1 million). In a runoff held on October 28, 2018, he faced Haddad, the second-place finisher, after struggling to win 50%.

Bolsonaro delivered a speech on videolink to thousands of followers who gathered on Paulista Avenue in So Paulo after the first round, when his victory seemed certain. He threatened to arrest, purge or kill "reds" and "petralhas" (a derogatory term for Worker's Party's leaders) and warned that members of the MST and MTST's social movements would be branded "terrorists" in the address, as "terrorists" in the protest. "This time, the sweep will be even more thorough," he said. This group, the "reds," if they want to remain, will have to adhere to our rules. These red outlaws will be barred from entering our country. If they go overseas or go to prison, they go to prison... Petralhada, you three stray to the beach. It will be a deep cleansing that never before existed in Brazil. A Bolsonaro aide later announced that the "edge of the beach" was a reference to a Navy base at Restinga da Marambaya, Rio de Janeiro State, where the Brazilian military dictatorship tortured and killed dissidents. Rivals, journalists, and politicians had slammed the speech.

Bolsonaro won the run-off election with 55.1 percent of the vote, making him Brazil's 38th president. He took office on January 1, 2019.

Academics had often expressed reservations about Bolsonaro's rise to Brazil's nexus during the campaign. Federico Finchelstein, a historian at the New School for Social Research who specializes in fascism, wrote in the New York Times that "Bolsonaro's vocabulary recalls Nazi policies of persecution and victimization." However, does sounding like a Nazi make him a Nazi? Insomuch as he believes in conducting elections, he is not there yet. However, if he gains control, things could change rapidly. Bolsonaro "uses more tactics connected to fascism than [the] American president Donald Trump," according to Jason Stanley, a Yale scholar who has written extensively on Nazism. Bolsonaro "is clearly authoritarian," not a fascist," according to Harvard's Steven Levitsky. Analysts in Portugal and Brazil expressed similar trepidations. Those, such as Marxist scholar Perry Anderson, have generally dismissed the "fascist" and "populist" terms.

Another controversial part of the campaign was the suspected use of illicit digital communications technologies by some of Bolsonaro's most vocal campaigners. "Bolsonaro has been receiving an illegal helping hand from a group of Brazilian entrepreneurs who are fundfunding a movement to bombard WhatsApp users with fake news about Haddad," Folha de S.Paulo, one of Brazil's top-selling newspapers, reports. Bolsonaro and allies denied any wrongdoing after a formal investigation by electoral and federal police. Ta'se Feijó, who now works as an advisor in Bolsonaro's government, was one of those paid to bring fake news to his followers.

Bolsonaro was stabbed in the abdomen on September 6th, 2018 while campaigning and interacting with supporters in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Flávio Bolsonaro, his father's wounds were only superficial and he was recovering in the hospital, but he later said the wounds were worse than expected, and that his father would not be able to start campaigning personally until the first round. He took to Twitter to mourn his father's illness, revealing that the perforation had contaminated portions of the liver, lung, and intestinal cord. Bolsonaro had shed a considerable amount of blood since arriving at the hospital with acute hypotension (his blood pressure was 10/3, equivalent to 100/30 mmHg), but that he had since regained control. The assault was condemned by the majority of the other candidates in the presidential nomination, followed by president Michel Temer. Bolsonaro was admitted to the Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital in So Paulo the day after the attack, after a family's request. He was in a "remarkably stable" state, according to the doctors.

According to security agents, the perpetrator, Adélio Bispo de Oliveira, was on "a mission from God" when police arrested him and revealed him as Adélio Bispo de Oliveira. From 2007 to 2014, he was a member of the Socialism and Liberty Party. Bolsonaro and Temer's political rants were included in his social media messages. However, an initial Federal Police probe revealed that Adélio had no support from political bodies and was acting alone. According to a Brazilian law, Bispo is psychologically impaired, suffering from a "permanent delusional disorder" that, according to a Brazilian report, prevents him from being legally responsible for his conduct. Bispo was not liable in a federal court decision in May 2019. Bolsonaro did not appeal the decision.

Bolsonaro was released from the hospital and returned to his home in Rio de Janeiro on September 29th, a month after the assault. Because of his health, he was unable to return to the campaign trail for the remainder of the first round of the presidential election.

The attacker carried out an individual investigation into the attack, but the probe "leaves out a number of problems." Bolsonaro said he did not find "any attempt by former minister Sergio Moro to solve the situation." The police have been left out of their probe, according to Joaquim de Carvalho, whether it was a mastermind or a self-attack. Expert medical examination of Bolsonaro and a review of the medical records would be needed for this.

Bolsonaro's personal motto, which he started in 2016, is John 8:32: "The truth will set you free."

Thousands of protesters took to the streets in hundreds of Brazilian cities in the same weekend he left the hospital, chanting "Ele n'o" ("Not him"). In addition, there were rallies in support of the candidate in sixteen states.

Bolsonaro was elected President of the Republic on January 1, 2019, replacing Michel Temer. Bolsonaro's cabinet began to work together before his inauguration, choosing economist Paulo Guedes as his Economy Minister and explorer Marcos Pontes as his Science and Technology minister. Bolsonaro's cabinet was originally expected to consist of 15 members; this number later increased to 22 when he announced his final minister, Ricardo Salles, in December. Michel Temer, his predecessor, had a 29-member cabinet.

Bolsonaro's cabinet is made up of 16 ministers, two cabinet-level posts, and four presidential secretaries, including Chief of Staff Onyx Lorenzoni. Operation Car Wash judge Sérgio Moro as justice minister and congresswoman Tereza Cristina were among Bolsonaro's Cabinet members, according to Bolsonaro's ministers.

Bolsonaro's administration primarily concentrated on domestic and economic issues, ranging from tax reform to reforms in social security, but he also faced a fierce battle with Congress early in his tenure. Bolsonaro stripped indigenous lands of the responsibility to map and demarcate indigenous lands, alleging that those territories are tiny, isolated populations that will be managed by NPOs and recommending integration of them into a larger Brazilian society. Critics feared that such integration would result in cultural assimilation among Brazilian Amerindians. Argentine President Mauricio Macri was the first foreign leader to Bolsonaro after being elected in Braslia.

Bolsonaro's second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela took place nine days after Bolsonaro's inauguration. The 2018 Venezuelan presidential election triggered a crisis, with Maduro ruled as an unlegitimate king since his first term of office ended, and Juan Guaidó was named acting president. Bolsonaro did not attend Maduro's inauguration and named Guaidó as Venezuela's legitimate king, alongside Mauricio Macri from Argentina and Donald Trump from the United States, among other things. "We will continue doing everything possible to restore order, democracy, and freedom here," Trump said.

His star has steadily decreased since his election. According to a Datafolha poll, 34% of respondents rated Bolsonaro's administration as "great or bad," with 36% reporting "poorful" and 36 percent as "poorful," while 44% said "not responding"; and 46% as "poorful." More Brazilians had dismissed Bolsonaro's politics than affirmed it, for the first time. Bolsonaro also dismissed Gustavo Bebianno, a top strategist and general secretary for the president, after charges of campaign-finance fraud. His party was accused of diverting public campaign funds to candidates that did not run for office.

Bolsonaro resigned from the Social Liberal Party in November 2019 due to internal party leadership issues. He attempted to found his own party, Alliance for Brazil (Portuguese: Aliança pelo Brasil), but it failed to gather enough signatures to register at the Superior Electoral Court for the Brazilian municipal elections or the 2022 Brazilian general election, leaving Bolsonaro without a party until 2021.

Bolsonaro and his government have been accused of downplaying the crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, but the number of Brazilians affected by the virus has risen exponentially by mid-2020. Bolsonaro said that COVID-19 is no deadlier than "the flu" and that the nation's economic growth overshadowed the country's health problems rather than the health issue. In fact, the Brazilian economy was rebounding as of early 2021, but it was albeit more slowly and unevenly as the pandemic was still threatening to stop any economic recovery. Bolsonaro has consistently accused political critics and the media of exaggerating the threat of the virus and calling it a "fantasy" that was never intended by the media.

Bolsonaro's approval rating improved in August 2020, the highest level since his inauguration, peaking in the midst of the pandemic. He said in November 2020 that he would not take a COVID vaccine if it were available, but that if the Brazilian Health Agency approved it, he would recommend any new vaccine. "The last taboo to slip" is the last taboo to slip in face masks, he said in the same interview.

The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), a multinational non-governmental group that investigates crime and corruption, awarded Bolsonaro its Person of the Year Award in 2020, which "recognizes the individual who has made the most efforts in the world to advance organized criminal activity and corruption." Bolsonaro was given the award for "surrounding himself with corrupt people, undermining the criminal system, and waging a brutal war against the Amazon region that has enriched some of the country's poor land owners" with propaganda.

Bolsonaro's approval ratings plummeted in early 2021, largely due to the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination scandals, and the ongoing economic crisis that emerged under his watch. Bolsonaro held a political rally in Braslia days after Brazil defeated Russia as the country's worst affected by COVID; however, surrounded by supporters and his own security guards, wearing masks, he did not attend. National demonstrations against Bolsonaro's reaction to the pandemic in June 2021; in So Paulo alone, there were estimated 100,000 protesters on the streets. YouTube deactivated videos shared by Bolsonaro in July for disseminating fake news about the virus. According to reports, YouTube has taken down 15 videos in total; one that was deleted had shown Brazil's former health minister, Eduardo Pazuello, comparing the virus to HIV. Bolsonaro also criticized attempts to discourage the spread of the virus by wearing masks or getting the vaccine.

More members of the opposition started calling for his arrest over the pandemic's treatment and spreading disinformation by the end of June 2021. The opposition released a statement in which they blasted Bolsonaro for the deaths of 500,000 Brazilians from COVID-19, blaming the government for blaming the virus for a failure, as well as other grievances.

Bolsonaro said on Brazilian radio that his government's biggest achievement was "two and a half years without corruption" in July 2021. A controversy dubbed "vaccine-gate" emerged in the same month. Bolsonaro's government reached an agreement to buy the unapproved Covaxin vaccine from Bharat Biotech, which was months of rejecting vaccines and bartering the price. The government was discovered to have paid ten times more than Bharat Biotech's vaccine price, and that the fraud was not present in the vaccine's prices, but not in a payment of $45 million to a Singapore firm. In reaction, the Brazilian Supreme Court approved a criminal probe into Bolsonaro.

Bolsonaro replaced Defense Minister Fernando Azevedo e Silva with Walter Souza Braga Netto in March 2021; in Brazil, Netto lionized the 1964-1985 military dictatorship. The army, air force, and navy's chiefs had resigned the day after. Bolsonaro said in April that if his troops were to "go into the streets" if he ordered them. The military held a ten-minute tank parade in Braslia in mid-August, with Bolsonaro in attendance. Tanks have been paraded every year for the past 30 years, but never have been sent to the capital before. The parade was scheduled a day ahead of schedule and concluded by the national congressional building, where senators were scheduled to vote on Bolsonaro's upcoming election-related changes just hours later. The reforms were eventually rejected by lawmakers.

Bolsonaro threatened to respond in early August 2021 with unconstitutional steps to an probe into his baseless suspicions of fraud abuses in Brazil's electronic voting system because he found the probe unconstitutional. Justice Alexandre de Moraes of Brazil had approved the probe. Bolsonaro warned of a "institutional breakdown" in mid-August 2021, while urging the Brazilian Senate to indict Moraes and another Supreme Court judge, Luis Roberto Barroso, the head of the electoral court.

A senate committee accepted a petition urging Bolsonaro to face felony charges, including crimes against humanity, for his role in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Bolsonaro, the founder of Brazil's 2022 general election, does not allow independent politicians, as the 1988 Brazilian Constitution does not allow independent politicians. He worked with Progressistas (PP), a member of Brazil's 1992-1998 and 2004, as well as the Brazilian Woman's Party (PSC), which he served with from 2005 to 2018, and the Brazilian Labour Party (PSC), of which he was a member of both 1995 and 2016, the Republicans and Patriot (PATRI), and the Brazilian People's Party (PMB), one of the Brazilian Labour Party (PBM), of which he served from 2005 to 2018 (PATRI).

Bolsonaro and his son Senator Flávio Bolsonaro joined the Liberal Party on November 30, 2021 (PL).

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