Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis

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Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was the First Lady of the United States during John F. Kennedy's presidency and was regarded as a modern icon of style and culture both before and afterward. Bouvier was born in 1929 in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III and his wife, Janet Lee Bouvier.

Bouvier received a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature from George Washington University and went on to work for the Washington Times-Herald as an inquiring photographer in 1952.

Kennedy was elected to the Senate in the same year, and the couple married in Newport, Rhode Island, on September 12, 1953.

They had four children, two of whom died in infancy.

Jacqueline was known for her highly publicized revival of the White House and greater emphasis on arts and culture, as well as her style, sophistication, and grace following her husband's ascension to the presidency in 1960.

When her husband was inaugurated President at the age of 31, she was the third youngest First Lady when her husband was inaugurated. Jacqueline was riding his motorcycle in Dallas, Texas, when he was assassinated on November 22, 1963.

Following her father's funeral, she and her children were mostly barred from public view.

In 1968, she married Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis.

Following Onassis' death in 1975, she worked as a book editor in New York City.

She died on May 19, 1994, of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, age 64. Jacqueline Kennedy was regarded as a world fashion icon during her lifetime.

Her dazzling ensemble of a pink Chanel suit and matching pillbox hat she wore in Dallas in 1999 has remained a symbol of her husband's assassination, and Gallup's Most Distinguished Women and Women of the twentieth century has ranked her as one of the twentieth century's most popular and recognizable First Ladies.

Early life (1929–1951)

Jacqueline Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929, at Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York, to Wall Street stockbroker John Vernou "Black Jack" Bouvier III and socialite Janet Norton Lee. Her mother was of Irish descent, and her father had French, Scottish, and English ancestry. She was baptized at the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola in Manhattan and raised in the Roman Catholic faith, named after her father. Caroline Lee's sister was born four years ago on March 3, 1933, and she was born four years later.

Jacqueline Bouvier spent her childhood years in Manhattan and at Lasata, the Bouviers' country estate in East Hampton on Long Island. She admired her father, who favored her over her sister, naming him "the most beautiful daughter a man ever had." Jacqueline's early confidence in herself, seeing a link to her father's praise and admiration, and her sister Lee Radziwill's comment that Jacqueline would not have gained her "independence and individuality" had it not been for their father's father's support and success in the sport, and horse-riding remained a lifelong passion. She took ballet lessons, was an avid reader, and excelled at learning foreign languages, including French, Spanish, and Italian. In her upbringing, French was particularly prominent.

Jacqueline Bouvier was enrolled in Chapin School in Manhattan, where she attended grades 1–7. She was a bright student but often mistook her; one of her teachers called her "a darling child, the prettiest little girl, who was very thoughtful, artistic, and full of the devil." Her mother attributed her behavior to her finishing her assignments ahead of her peers and then acting out of boredom. Since the headmistress warned her that none of her positive traits would matter if she did not act properly, her behavior changed.

The Bouviers' marriage was complicated by the father's alcoholism and extramarital affairs; the family had also suffered with financial difficulties following the 1929 Wall Street Crash. They divorced four years ago in 1936 and then divorced four years later, with the newspaper releasing intimate details of their split. Jacqueline was profoundly affected by the divorce and later developed a "tendency to move seamlessly into a private world of her own," according to her cousin John H. Davis. The Bouvier sisters did not attend the funeral because it was arranged quickly and travel was prohibited due to World War II. Hugh "Yusha" Auchincloss III, Thomas Gore Auchincloss, and Nina Gore Auchincloss are three siblings from Auchincloss' previous marriages. Jacqueline formed the closest friendship with Yusha, who became one of her most trusted confidants. Janet Jennings Auchincloss in 1945 and James Lee Auchincloss in 1947 were two more children.

The Bouvier sisters' primary residence became Auchincloss' Merrywood estate in McLean, Virginia, after their remarriage, although they also spent time at his other estate, Hammersmith Farm in Newport, Rhode Island, and in their father's homes in New York City and Long Island. Jacqueline Bouvier also regarded her stepfather as a close paternal figure, although she maintained a close friendship with her father. He gave her a stable environment and a pampered childhood that she may not have had otherwise. She often felt like an outsider in the WASP social circle of the Auchinclosses, despite the fact that she was Catholic as well as being a child of divorce, something that was not typical in the social group at the time.

Jacqueline Bouvier attended Holton Arms School in Northwest Washington, D.C., from 1942 to 1944, and Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut, 1944 to 1947. She chose Miss Porter's because it was a boarding school that encouraged her to separate herself from the Abercrosses and because the school put emphasis on college preparatory classes. Bouvier was praised for "her wit, her service as a horsewoman, and her refusal to become a housewife" in her senior class yearbook. Nancy Tuckerman, a childhood friend of her youth, was later recruited by the White House to be her social secretary. She earned the Maria McKinney Memorial Award for Excellence in Literature, placing her among the best students of her class and class.

Jacqueline Bouvier attended Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, at that time, a women's college. She had intended to attend Sarah Lawrence College, which was closer to New York City, but her parents insisted that she select the more affluent Vassar. She was a good student who participated in the school's art and drama clubs and wrote for the school's newspaper. She did not participate in Vassar's Poughkeepsie location and instead travelled back to Manhattan for the weekend because of her dislike of the town's location. She made her debut to high society in the summer before entering college and became a regular presence at New York social functions. Igor Cassini, a Hearst columnist, dubbed her the year's best "debutante." She spent her junior year (1949-1955) in France—at the University of Grenoble and in Paris' Sorbonne, a study abroad degree at Smith College. She returned home and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1951. She took continuing education classes in American history at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., during her marriage to John F. Kennedy.

Jacqueline Bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at Vogue magazine, out of a field of thousands of people. The position involved six months in the magazine's New York City office and six months in Paris, with the remaining six months in Paris. She celebrated her college graduation and her sister Lee's high school graduation by heading to Europe for the summer. The trip was the subject of Lee's only autobiography, One Special Summer; it was also the only one of her published works to feature Jacqueline Bouvier's drawings. The managing editor advised her on her first day at Vogue to resign and return to Washington. Bouvier's marriage prospects were unknown to biographer Barbara Leaming; the editor was 22 years old and considered too young to be single in her social circles. She took the advice, quit the career, and returned to Washington after just one day of work.

Bouvier came back to Merrywood after being introduced by a family friend to the Washington Times-Herald, where editor Frank Waldrop recruited her as a part-time receptionist. Despite her inexperience, she demanded more challenging work and Waldrop sent her to Sidney Epstein, who was hired as a "Inquiring Camera Girl" and paid her $25 a week. "I remember her as this very attractive, cute-as-hell child," he said, with all the reporters in the newsroom giving her a positive look." The position called for her to ask people randomly on the street and photograph their pictures for publication in the newspaper along with selected excerpts from their responses. In comparison to the random "man on the street" vignettes, she has conducted interviews with people of concern, such as six-year-old Tricia Nixon. A few days after her father Richard Nixon was elected to the vice presidency in 1952, Bouvier interviewed Tricia. Bouvier was briefly engaged to John Husted, a young stockbroker. The couple revealed the news in The New York Times in January 1952, just after only a month of dating. She called off the engagement after three months because she had discovered him "immature and boring" after she got to know him better.

(1963-1955) aspired to life after assassination (1963-1975).

Kimennedy was interviewed in Hyannis Port by Theodore H. White of Life magazine on November 29, 1963, a week after her husband's assassination. In that session, she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur's mythical Camelot, noting that the President played Lerner and Loewe's popular song before retiring to bed. Queen Guinevere from the musical also spoke about how she felt after losing her own. The Kennedy administration has since been referred to as the "Camelot Era," although historians have argued that comparison is inaccurate, with Robert Dallek saying that Kennedy's "defention of [her husband] must have provided a therapeutic shield against immobilizing grief."

Following the assassination of Kennedy and her children, the family remained in the White House for two weeks. President Johnson sent a delegation to France to her, aware of her roots and admiration for the country's history, but she turned down both ambassadorships to Mexico and the United Kingdom. Johnson renamed the John F. Kennedy Space Center in Florida a week after the assassination attempt. Later, Kennedy lauded Johnson for his kindness to her.

Kennedy spent 1964 in mourning but made few public appearances. Due to traumatic flashbacks, it has been speculated that she may have been suffering from undiagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder. She and the children spent winter at Averell Harriman's house in Georgetown. Kennedy appeared in the Attorney General's office on January 14, 1964, thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had received since the assassination of her late husband, and saying she had been supported by America's love for her late husband. She bought a house for herself and her children in Georgetown but later in 1964, she sold it for $250,000 at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan in the hopes of greater anonymity.

Kennedy paid tribute to her late husband in the ensuing years. She oversaw the establishment of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum, which is the Kennedy Administration's official repository. I.M.'s I.M. was the architect who conceived it. Pei, it is located right across the street from the University of Massachusetts campus in Boston.

Despite having ordered William Manchester's official account of President Kennedy's death, The Death of a President Kennedy, Kennedy's Kennedy's biography, was widely covered in 1966-1967 when she and Robert Kennedy attempted to prevent the publication from being published. They sued Harper & Row in December 1966; the case was settled the following year after Manchester sacked passages that detailed President Kennedy's personal life. White viewed the ordeal as confirmation of the steps taken by the Kennedy family, Jacqueline in particular, to protect John's public image.

When Kennedy and David Ormsby-Gore, the former British ambassador to the US during the Kennedy administration, traveled to Cambodia with Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk during the Vietnam War in November 1967. Her trip, according to historian Milton Osborne, was "the start of the restoration to Cambodian-US relations, which had previously been at a low level." Despite her initial reluctance due to the crowds and reminders of President Kennedy's death, she attended Martin Luther King Jr.'s funeral in Atlanta, Georgia, in April 1968.

Jacqueline Kennedy relying heavily on her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy after her husband's assassination; she said he was "least like his father" of the Kennedy brothers. Since she had suffered a miscarriage early in her marriage, he had been a source of help; it wasn't her husband, not her husband, who stayed with her in the hospital; it was him. Robert became a surrogate father for her children after initial demands from his own large family and his positions as attorney general made him to reduce attention in the aftermath of the assassination. He praised her for persuading him to remain in politics, and she praised his 1964 bid for New York senator Robert Hughes.

President Johnson's poll numbers dropped after the 1968 Tet offensive in Vietnam, and Robert Kennedy's advisors encouraged him to run for president Johnson's reelection bid. "That depends on what Jackie wants me to do," Robert said when Art Buchwald asked him if he wanted to run." She met with him around this time and encouraged him to run after she had previously advised him not to follow Jack but not to "be yourself." She was worried about her son's safety; she worried that Bobby was more disliked than her husband had been; and that "too much hate" in the United States was present. She confided in him about these feelings, but her own account, he was "fatalistic" like her. Despite her doubts, Jacqueline Kennedy campaigned for her brother-in-law and advocated him, and, at one point, she expressed skepticism that members of the Kennedy family would occupy the White House once more.

On June 5, 1968, an enraged Palestinian gunman named Sirhan Sirhan mortally wounded Robert Kennedy minutes after he and a crowd of his supporters had been celebrating his victory in the California Democratic presidential primary right at midnight PDT. Jacqueline Kennedy rushed to Los Angeles with his wife Ethel, her brother-in-law Ted, and other Kennedy family members at his hospital bedside. Robert Kennedy never recovered consciousness and died the following day. He was 42 years old.

Kennedy reportedly suffered with depression after her husband's assassination nearly five years ago. "If they're killing Kennedys, then my children are victims," she said. I want to get out of this country.

Jacqueline Kennedy married Aristotle Onassis, a wealthy Greek shipping magnate who was able to provide the privacy and protection she needed for herself and her children on October 20, 1968. The wedding took place on Skorpios, Onassis' exclusive Greek island in the Ionian Sea. Jacqueline Onassis, the legal name of a widow of a United States president, after marrying Onassis, she lost her right to Secret Service insurance, which is an expense for a widow of a US president. She received a lot of bad press as a result of her marriage. Aristotle's divorced and former wife Athina Livanos was still living fuelled rumors that Jacqueline would be excommunicated by the Roman Catholic church, although Boston's archbishop, Cardinal Richard Cushing dismissed it as "nonsense." Some called her a "public slumber," and she became the object of paparazzi who followed her everywhere and named her "Jackie O."

Doris Duke, a billionaire heiress for whom Jacqueline Onassis was a colleague, was named vice president of the Newport Restoration Foundation in 1968. Onassis was a vocal supporter of the cause.

Jacqueline and Aristotle Onassis lived in six separate residences during their marriage: her 15-room Fifth Avenue apartment in Manhattan, her horse farm in Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey, his private island Skorpios, his house in Athens, and his yacht Christina O. Onassis ensured that her children maintained their family links by having Ted Kennedy visit them often. She had a close friendship with Ted, and from then on, she was involved in her public appearances.

Following the death of his son Alexander in a plane crash in 1973, Aristotle Onassis' health deteriorated rapidly. On March 15, 1975, he died of respiratory failure in Paris at the age of 69. Under Greek rule, his financial legacy was severely limited, which established how much money a non-Greek surviving spouse could inherit. Jacqueline Onassis finally accepted a $26 million settlement from Christina Onassis, Aristotle's daughter and sole heir, after two years of court wrangling, and waived all other claims to the Onassis estate.

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