George Lincoln Rockwell

At 49 years old, George Lincoln Rockwell has this physical status:

George Lincoln Rockwell (March 9, 1918 – August 25, 1967) was an American politician and neo-Nazi.

In 1959, he was kicked out of the United States Navy due to his political convictions and founded the American Nazi Party. Rockwell denied The Holocaust and argued that Martin Luther King Jr. was a tool for Jewish Communists trying to rule the white race.

He criticized the Jews for the civil rights movement.

Hitler was regarded as "the White savior of the twentieth century."

He characterized blacks as a "primitive, lethargic race that needed only simple pleasures and a life of irresponsibility" and favored the restitution of all African Americans in a new African nation that would be funded by the US government.

He agreed with and quoted many Black nationalism activists, including Elijah Muhammad and early Malcolm X. He was a promoter of racial segregation. Rockwell's links with other neo-Nazi parties, as the World Union of National Socialists, became more united in later years. Rockwell was assassinated in Arlington by John Patler, a dissatisfie former soldier of his party, on August 25, 1967.

Early life

Rockwell was born in Bloomington, Illinois, and she was the first of three children of George Lovejoy Rockwell and Claire (Schade) Rockwell. His father was born in Providence, Rhode Island, and he was of English and Scottish descent. His mother was the niece of Augustus Schade, a German immigrant, and Corrine Boudreau, a French immigrant with Acadian French roots. Both parents were vaudeville comedians and actors. When Rockwell was six years old, he and his father, who lived in Boothbay Harbor, Maine, divided his youth.

When he was 17 years old, Rockwell attended Atlantic City High School in Atlantic City and applied to Harvard University. However, he was refused admission. Hebron Academy in Hebron, Maine, his father enrolled him a year earlier.

Rockwell began studying philosophy at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, in August 1938. Rockwell dropped out of Brown University and accepted a service in the United States Navy in his sophomore year.

In 1940, Rockwell applauded the Navy's order and discipline, and he attended flight schools in Massachusetts and Florida. In World War II, he served in the Battle of the Atlantic and the Pacific War as he advanced his training. He served aboard the USS Omaha, US Pastores, USS Wasp, and USS Mobile, mainly in support of photo reconnaissance, transportation, and training missions. Despite the fact that he never served in war, he was still considered a good pilot and an effective officer.

Judith Aultman, who had been attending Brown University in 1943, married him on April 24, 1943. Aultman was a student at Pembroke College, which was the university's coordinator. Bonnie, Nancy, and Phoebe Jean were three daughters of the couple's three children. Rockwell was unable to comply with his in-laws, so he blamed them for not raising Judith to be "docile and compliant" his image of the perfect wife. His marriage was marred by violent discussions, and on at least one occasion, he assaulted his wife.

Rockwell worked as a sign painter in Boothbay Harbor, Maine, after the war ended. He began attending the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York, in 1946. He and his wife Judith moved to Pratt so he could study at Pratt. He did well at Pratt, winning the $1,000 first prize for an advertisement he did for the American Cancer Society. However, he left Pratt before finishing his final year and moved to Maine to establish his own advertising company.

Rockwell was sent back to service as a lieutenant commander at the start of the Korean War in 1950. He and his wife and three children moved to San Diego, where he trained pilots in the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps.

Rockwell also became a promoter of Adolf Hitler and a Nazi supporter during his time in San Diego. Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-communism standout inspired him. Rockwell endorsed General Douglas MacArthur's bid for president of the United States. Following MacArthur's example, he adopted the corncob pipe. He read the Protocols of Zion and Hitler's Manifesto Mein Kampf in 1951.

Rockwell was sent to Iceland in November 1952, where he became a Grumman F8F Bearcat pilot and rose to the rank of commander. His wife and children stayed with his mother in Barrington, Rhode Island, because families were not permitted to be with American service personnel stationed there. The following year, his wife filed for divorce. Rockwell attended a diplomatic party in Reykjavk, where he met Margrét'msson, Iceland's niece's ambassador to the United States; they were married on October 3, 1953 by Róra's uncle, the Bishop of Iceland. They spent their honeymoon in Berchtesgaden, Germany, where Hitler once owned the Berghof mountain retreat in the Bavarian Alps. They paid a "pilgrimage" to Hitler's Adlerhorst. They had three children together: Hallgrmur, Margrét, and Evelyn Bentna. Hallgrmsson's father returned to the United States in 1957 to take his daughter back to Iceland because he had discovered that Rockwell was "one of the most vocal racists in the United States," he told him. She later divorced Rockwell and remarried in 1963.

In September 1955, he founded U.S. Lady, a magazine dedicated to servicemen's wives in Washington, D.C. Rockwell's political causes were incorporated in the magazine: his opposition to both ethnic integration and communism were incorporated in the magazine. The magazine had financial difficulties, so he sold it. However, he still aspired to pursue a career in publishing.

In 1955, he gradually became radicalized before arriving in Washington, D.C., where he was described as "on the farthest fringe of the right wing." Rockwell had a string of dreams that culminated in him meeting Hitler in 1957-1958.

In 1958, Rockwell's Harold Noel Arrowsmith, Jr., a wealthy heir and antisemite who gave Rockwell a home and printing machines, met him. They established the National Committee to Save America from Jewish Domination.

Rockwell protested President Dwight D. Eisenhower's decision to send peacekeeping troops to the Middle East on July 29, 1958, dubbed Operation Blue Bat by the people. Rockwell and his allies protested what they believed was Jewish control of the country. The police searched Rockwell's home in October 1958, following the demolition of the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple.

Rockwell gained notoriety after Drew Pearson wrote an essay describing how Rockwell and his followers dressed in uniforms, armed themselves with guns, and paraded at his home in Arlington County, Virginia.

Rockwell formed the World Union of Free Enterprise National Socialists in March 1959, a term coined to indicate opposition to state ownership of land. The American Nazi Party (later the National Social People's Party, NSWPP), was renamed in December 1959, and the organization's headquarters was relocated to 928 North Randolph Street in Arlington, which also became Rockwell's home.

He published The Fable of the Ducks and the Hens, an Animal Farm-type parody written in 1959.

Rockwell was discharged one year before retirement in 1960 because of his political activities, but the Navy was not able to deploy him due to his political convictions. The court heard that dismissal was a public affair. Despite receiving an honorable discharge, Rockwell said he had basically been kicked out of the Navy," a charge he owed to the Jews. Rockwell held a rally on the National Mall on April 3, 1960, where he addressed the crowd with a two-hour address in order to grab media attention. Union Square in New York City was scheduled for a second rally. Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. declined to give him a permit to speak, and he appealed the decision to the New York Supreme Court. When Rockwell arrived in the courthouse rotunda, he was surrounded by a crowd of television reporters. Reese Schonfeld, one of the journalists, interviewed Rockwell, and then, after Rockwell made anti-Semitic remarks, a clash broke out, prompting a police convoy to escort Rockwell from the courthouse. Rockwell received a license with the help of the American Civil Liberties Union, but it was long after the event was scheduled. On the National Mall, another rally was scheduled for July 4, 1960. A crowd of people confronted Rockwell and his guys, sparking a protest. Rockwell and eight party members were arrested by the police. Rockwell had requested a trial but instead, he was admitted to a psychiatric hospital for thirty days. In less than two weeks, he was released and found physically fit to stand trial. How to Get Out or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum was inspired by his study, "How to Get Out or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum."

While staying at the Hotel Touraine on January 15, 1961, Rockwell and a fellow Nazi Party activist attempted to picket the local premiere of the film Exodus at 149 Street in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. On the day of the premiere, Boston Mayor John F. Collins (1960–1968) refused to deny Rockwell the right to picket, residents of the local Jewish community organized a counterdemonstration of 2,000 protesters, which prompted police to converge on the area and push Rockwell into a police cruiser that led him to Logan International Airport, where he was then boarded into a plane headed to Washington, DC.

In early 1962, Rockwell planned a rally to celebrate Hitler's birthday in April. He attended a camp run by British Neo-Nazi Colin Jordan in Gloucestershire, where they founded the World Union of National Socialists in the summer. In September, he gave one of his followers a medal for punching Martin Luther King Jr. in the chest.

Rockwell ran as a write-in candidate in the 1964 United States presidential election, receiving 212 votes. He ran as an outsider in the 1965 Virginia gubernatorial election, receiving 5,730, or 1.2 percent of the total, finishing last among the four candidates.

Rockwell fought back in the summer of 1966, when he led a counter-demonstration against King's attempt to bring an end to de facto segregation in Cicero, Illinois. He believed that the King was a tool for Jewish Communists who wanted to integrate America. Rockwell believed that integration was a Jewish attempt to rule the white race. During the civil rights movement, Rockwell led the Ku Klux Klan and similar groups in efforts to defy the Freedom Riders and the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. But he soon learned that the Klan was trapped in the past and ineffective at supporting him wage a modern racial war.

Rockwell shortened the word "Black Power" during a discussion with Black Panther Party leader Stokely Carmichael in 1966, unveiling a call for "White Power" instead.

The party began releasing numerous pamphlets and books in the spring of 1966, including National Socialist World edited by William Luther Pierce, writings by Rockwell, the periodical Stormtrooper Magazine (originally National Socialist Bulletin), and a propaganda comic book called Here Comes Whiteman, in which the title superhero character fights rivals modeled after racial stereotypes.

The American Civil Liberties Union revived Rockwell in November, 1966, defending his right to stage marches or parades in Jewish neighborhoods during Jewish holidays.

"Stormtrooper Barracks" was located on 6150 Wilson Boulevard in the Dominion Hills Historic District, and Rockwell's two-story farm house as his "Stormtrooper Barracks." The Playboy interview with Alex Haley was held there. The house has since been razed, and the property has been turned into Upton Hill Regional Park. The house's former location, which includes a small pavilion with picnic tables. The party's headquarters, located at 928 North Randolph Street in Ballston, Virginia, is now a hotel and office building. After Rockwell's death, Matthias Koehl, his replacement, relocated the headquarters to 2507 North Franklin Road in Clarendon, Virginia. The little building, which has often been misidentified as Rockwell's former headquarters, is now a coffee shop named Sweet Science Coffee, formerly The Java Shack. In the mid-1980s, Koehl moved the headquarters to New Berlin, Wisconsin.

Rockwell began to draw attention to his cause in the 1960s by establishing Hatenanny Records, a small record company. The name was based on the word "hootenanny," a term used to describe folk music performances. Odis Cochran and the Three Bigots' "Ship Those Niggers Back" and "We Is Non-Violent Niggers," as a second single by a band called Coon Hunters, was released. They were mostly available through mail order and at party rallies.

Rockwell, a Freedom Riders' drive through the Deep South, won a Volkswagen van and painted it with slogans in favor of white supremacy, coining it "Hate Bus" and carrying it to speaking engagements and party rallies.

Rockwell got along with Black separatist figures like Elijah Muhammad (Nation of Islam leader) and Malcolm X (though he would later change views and break with the Nation of Islam's position on race), as long as the cause of racial segregation was shared. Elijah Muhammad: Rockwell wrote to his followers in January 1962:

"I am completely in tune with their program, and I have the highest regard for Elijah Muhammad," he continued. On June 25, 1961, Eljah Muhammad referred to Elijah Muhammad as "the Black People's Hitler" and pledged $20 (roughly $204 to the Nation of Islam at a Black Muslim gathering in Chicago, where he and ten-20 of his "stormtroopers" attended a Malcolm X speech.

Rockwell sought to collaborate with Christian Identity organizations inspired by Black Muslims' use of religion to mobilize people. He met with and formed an alliance with Identity minister Wesley A. a.k.a. Swift. Rockwell portrayed himself as a Christ-like martyr against the Jews in a religious manner. In Swift's church and church members, Nazis discovered a political outlet in the American Nazi Party.

Rockwell was a Holocaust denier. "I don't think for a minute that any 6,000,000 Jews were killed by Hitler," Rockwell said in an interview with Playboy conducted by journalist Alex Haley in April 1966. "It never happened." When asked in a 1965 interview with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation if the Holocaust was true, Rockwell replied by citing "incontrovertible documentary evidence that the contrary is not true."

Early political activities

He gradually became radicalized after his move to Washington, D.C., in the words of his biographer, until he was "on the farthest fringe of the right wing." Rockwell had a string of dreams that culminated in him meeting Hitler in 1957-1958.

Harold Noel Arrowsmith, Jr., a wealthy heir and antisemite who provided Rockwell with a house and printing equipment in 1958, met with him. They formed the National Committee to Save America from Jewish Domination.

Rockwell protested President Dwight D. Eisenhower's decision to send peacekeeping troops to the Middle East on July 29, 1958, as Operation Blue Bat. Rockwell and his allies had raged against what they suspected was Jewish over the government. Following the demolition of the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple in Jerusalem, the police searched Rockwell's home in October 1958.

Rockwell gained notoriety after Drew Pearson wrote an article describing how Rockwell and his followers dressed in uniforms, armed themselves with firearms, and paraded at his home in Arlington County, Virginia.

Rockwell founded the World Union of Free Enterprise National Socialists (WUFENS), a term coined to oppose state control of property. The American Nazi Party, later known as the National Social People's Party, NSWPP), was renamed in December 1959, and the organization's headquarters was relocated to 928 North Randolph Street in Arlington, which later became Rockwell's home.

He released The Fable of the Ducks and the Hens, an Animal Farm-type parody in 1959.

The Navy dismissed Rockwell one year before retirement in 1960, citing his political convictions as a result of his service. The charges against him were a public affair. Even though Rockwell was given an honorable discharge, he claimed he had "essentially been kicked out of the Navy" for which he criticized the Jews. Rockwell held a protest on April 3, 1960, where he addressed the crowd with a two-hour address in order to capture media interest. Union Square in New York City was scheduled for a second protest. Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. refused to give him a license to speak, and he appealed the decision to the New York Supreme Court. When Rockwell appeared in the courthouse rotunda, he was surrounded by a crowd of television reporters. Reese Schonfeld, one of the reporters, interviewed Rockwell, and a clash broke out after Rockwell made anti-Semitic remarks, prompting a police convoy to escort Rockwell from the courthouse. Rockwell received a license with the help of the American Civil Liberties Union, but it was long after the event took place. On the National Mall, another rally was scheduled for July 4, 1960. A crowd attacked Rockwell and his men, sparking a riot. Rockwell and eight members of the Eight Party were arrested by the police. Rockwell had intended a trial, but instead, he was admitted to a psychiatric hospital for thirty days. He was released and found physically fit to stand trial in less than two weeks. How to Get Out or Stay Out of Insane Asylum, He published a pamphlet influenced by his experience titled How to Get Out or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum.

While staying at the Hotel Touraine on January 15, 1961, Rockwell and a fellow Nazi Party member attempted to select the local premiere of the film Exodus at the Saxon Theatre in Downtown Boston, Massachusetts. After Boston Mayor John F. Collins (1960–1968) refused to deny Rockwell the right to picket, local Jewish protesters organized a counterdemonium on Tremont and Boylston Streets on the day of the premiere, causing police to crowd into a police cruiser that took him to Logan International Airport, where Rockwell was later boarded into a flight to Washington, D.C., where Rockwell was later transported to Washington, D.C., where he

In early 1962, Rockwell organized a rally to commemorate Hitler's birthday. He attended a camp run by British Neo-Nazi Colin Jordan in Gloucestershire, where they founded the World Union of National Socialists in the summer. In September, he gave one of his followers a prize for punching Martin Luther King Jr. in the chest.

Rockwell ran as a write-in candidate in the 1964 United States presidential election, receiving 212 votes. He ran as an outsider in the gubernatorial election in 1965 Virginia, receiving 5,730 votes, or 1.02% of the total, finishing last among the four contenders.

Rockwell's attempt to bring an end to de facto segregation in Cicero, Illinois, during the summer of 1966. He believed that King was a tool for Jewish Communists who wanted to integrate America. Rockwell held that integration was a Jewish conspiracy to rule the white race. During the civil rights movement, Rockwell led the Ku Klux Klan and other groups in a bid to tackle the Freedom Riders and the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. However, he soon learned that the Klan was stuck in the past and ineffective in his efforts to wage a modern racial war.

Rockwell modified the word "Black Power" during a discussion with Black Panther Party leader Stokely Carmichael in 1966, launching a call for "White Power" instead.

The party began releasing several pamphlets and books in the spring of 1966, including National Socialist World edited by William Luther Pierce, writings by Rockwell, the periodical Stormtrooper Journal (originally National Socialist Bulletin), and a propaganda comic book titled Here Comes Whiteman, in which the titular superhero character fights opponents modeled after national stereotypes.

The American Civil Liberties Union re-presented Rockwell in November 1966, defending his right to stage marches or parades in Jewish neighborhoods during Jewish holidays.

Rockwell's "Stormtrooper Barracks" was located on 6150 Wilson Boulevard in the Dominion Hills Historic District, and the two-story farm house "Rockwell" was built. It was here that Alex Haley's interview for Playboy took place. The house has since been demolished, and its land has been integrated into Upton Hill Regional Park. The house's former location is marked by a small pavilion with picnic tables. The party headquarters, 928 North Randolph Street in Ballston, Virginia, is now a hotel and office building. Matthias Koehl, Rockwell's replacement, moved the headquarters to 2507 North Franklin Road in Clarendon, Virginia, after Rockwell's death. The little building, which has often been misidentified as Rockwell's former headquarters, is now a coffee shop called Sweet Science Coffee, formerly known as The Java Shack. In the mid-1980s, Koehl relocated the headquarters to New Berlin, Wisconsin.

Rockwell began to draw attention to his cause in the 1960s by launching Hatenanny Records, a modest record label. The name was based on the word "hootenanny," a term used to describe folk music performances. The label also released "We Don't Want No Niggers For Neighbors" and "We Is Nonviolent Niggers," as well as a second single by a band called Odis Cochran and the Three Bigots: "We Don't Want No Niggers For Neighbors" and "We Is Non-Violent Niggers." They were mostly sold by mail order and at party rallies.

When the Freedom Riders' march in the Deep South for the degregation of bus stations, Rockwell purchased a Volkswagen van and decorated it with slogans in favor of white supremacy, coining it the "Hate Bus" and carrying it to speaking engagements and party rallies.

Rockwell got along well with Black leaders, including Elijah Muhammad (Nation of Islam leader) and Malcolm X (though he later changed views and broke with the Nation of Islam's position on race), because they shared the aim of racial segregation. Elijah Muhammad: Rockwell wrote to his followers in January 1962.

"I am completely in tune with their program, and I have the highest regard for Elijah Muhammad," he said. He referred to Elijah Muhammad as "The Black People's Hitler" and gave the Nation of Islam $20 (worth about $204 in 2022) to the Nation of Islam at a Black Muslim gathering in Chicago on June 25, 1961, where he and ten-20 of his "stormtroopers" attended a Malcolm X address.

Rockwell began working with Christian Identity groups inspired by Black Muslims' use of religion to mobilize people. He met with and formed an alliance with Identity Minister Wesley A. Swift. Rockwell portrayed himself as a Christ-like martyr against the Jews in religious mythology. In Swift's church and church members, there was a welcome home and a political outlet in the American Nazi Party.

Rockwell was a Holocaust denier. "I don't think for a minute that any 6,000,000 Jews were killed by Hitler," Rockwell said in an interview for Playboy in April 1966. It never happened." When asked in a 1965 interview with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation if the Holocaust was real, Rockwell replied with "incontrovertible documentary evidence that that it is not true."

Source

Military service and early career

In 1940, Rockwell admired the Navy's order and discipline, and he taught flight schools in Massachusetts and Florida. He served in the Battle of the Atlantic and the Pacific War in World War II as he finished his military service. He served aboard the USS Omaha, US Pastores, USS Wasp, and USS Mobile, mainly in support of image reconnaissance, transport, and training roles. Despite the fact that he never served in war, he was still regarded as a good pilot and an effective officer.

On April 24, 1943, Rockwell married Judith Aultman, whom he had met while attending Brown University. Aultman was a student at Pembroke College, the university's co-coordinating women's college. Bonnie, Nancy, and Phoebe Jean were three children of the couple's three children. Rockwell did not get along with his in-laws; he chastised them for not raising Judith to be "docile and compliant"; his image of the perfect wife was not boosted. His marriage was marred by violent arguments, and on at least one occasion, he assaulted his wife.

Rockwell started working out of a small shop on property owned by his father in Boothbay Harbor, Maine, after the war ended. He began studying at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York, in 1946. He and his wife Judith migrated to Pratt, New York, so he could study at Pratt. He did well at Pratt, winning the $1,000 first prize for an advertisement for the American Cancer Society. Nonetheless, he left Pratt before his last year and relocated to Maine to start his own advertising company.

Rockwell was called back to service as a lieutenant commander at the start of the Korean War in 1950. He and his wife and three children were sent to San Diego, where he taught pilots in the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps.

Rockwell also became an advocate for Adolf Hitler and a promoter of Nazism during his time in San Diego. Senator Joseph McCarthy's opposition to communism inspired him. General Douglas MacArthur's candidacy for president of the United States was accepted by Rockwell. Following MacArthur's example, he adopted the corncob pipe. He read the Protocols of the Elders of Zion and Hitler's manifesto Mein Kampf in 1951.

Rockwell was sent to Iceland in November 1952, where he became a Grumman F8F Bearcat pilot and rose to the rank of commander. Since families were not allowed to be with American service personnel stationed there, his wife and her children stayed with her mother in Barrington, Rhode Island. The following year, his wife filed for divorce. Rockwell attended a diplomatic party in Reykjavk, where he met Margrét Hallgrmsson, Iceland's niece's ambassador to the United States; the niece of Iceland's ambassador to the United States, was married on October 3, 1953 by óra's uncle, the Bishop of Iceland. They spent their honeymoon in Berchtesgaden, Germany, where Hitler once owned the Berghof peak retreat in the Bavarian Alps. They paid their respects to Hitler's Adlerhorst with a "pilgrimage." They had three children together: Hallgrmur, Margrét, and Evelyn Benta. Hallgrmsson's father travelled to the United States in 1957 to bring his daughter back to Iceland because he had discovered that Rockwell was "one of the most vocal ethnics in the United States." She divorced Rockwell and remarried in 1963.

He founded U.S. Lady, a magazine for United States servicemen's wives, in September 1955 in Washington, D.C. Rockwell's political causes were incorporated in the journal: his opposition to both racial integration and communism were incorporated into the magazine. The magazine had financial difficulties and he sold it. However, he had always aspired to pursue a career in publishing.

He gradually became radicalized after his 1955 move to Washington, D.C., until, in the words of his biographer, he was "on the farthest fringe of the right wing." Rockwell had a series of hopes that culminated in him meeting Hitler in 1957-1958.

Harold Noel Arrowsmith, Jr., a wealthy heir and antisemite who gave Rockwell a house and printing equipment in 1958, met him. They established the National Committee to Save America from Jewish persecution.

Rockwell marched in front of the White House on July 29, 1958, during an anti-war protest against President Dwight D. Eisenhower's decision to deploy peacekeeping troops to the Middle East, also known as Operation Blue Bat. Rockwell and his allies retaliated against what they believed to be Jewish overthrowrowned the government. Following the demolition of the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple in October 1958, the police searched Rockwell's home.

Rockwell gained notoriety after Drew Pearson wrote an essay outlining how Rockwell and his followers dressed in uniforms, armed themselves with firearms, and paraded at his home in Arlington County, Virginia.

Rockwell founded the World Union of Free Enterprise National Socialists (WUFENS), a term coined to indicate opposition to state ownership of property in March 1959. The American Nazi Party (later the National Social People's Party, NSWPP), was renamed in December 1959, and the organization's headquarters was relocated to 928 North Randolph Street in Arlington, which also became Rockwell's home.

In 1959, he published the Animal Farm parody The Fable of the Ducks and the Hens, a long-form poem.

The Navy dismissed Rockwell one year before retirement in 1960, due to his political convictions. The hearings to dismiss him were a public affair. Despite his commendable discharge, Rockwell claimed he had "actually been kicked out of the Navy," for which he blamed the Jews. Rockwell held a protest on April 3, 1960, where he addressed the audience with a two-hour address in order to grab media interest. Union Square in New York City was scheduled for a second rally. Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. refused to give him a voice, and he appealed the decision to the New York Supreme Court. As Rockwell emerged from the courthouse rotunda, he was surrounded by a crowd of television reporters. Reese Schonfeld, one of the reporters, interviewed Rockwell, and a confrontation broke out after Rockwell made anti-Semitic remarks, requiring a police convoy to transport Rockwell from the courthouse. Rockwell eventually obtained a license with the support of the American Civil Liberties Union, but it was long after the event was scheduled. On the National Mall, another upswing was scheduled for July 4, 1960. A crowd confronted Rockwell and his guys, sparking a demonstration. Rockwell and eight party leaders were arrested by the police. Rockwell requested a trial, but instead, he was admitted to a psychiatric hospital for thirty days. He was released and found physically fit to stand trial in less than two weeks. How to Get Out or Stay Out of the Insane Asylum, according to his father, who was inspired by his experience.

While staying at the Hotel Touraine on January 15, 1961, Rockwell and a fellow Nazi Partyist attempted to picket the local premiere of the film Exodus at the Saxon Theatre in Downtown Boston, Massachusetts. On the day of the premiere, Boston Mayor John F. Collins (1960-1988) refused to deny Rockwell the right to picket, members of the local Jewish community organised a counterdemonium, causing police to assemble on the street and drag Rockwell to Logan International Airport, where he was transferred to Washington, DC.

Rockwell arranged a rally in early 1962 to commemorate Hitler's birthday in April. He attended a camp run by British Neo-Nazi Colin Jordan in Gloucestershire, where they organized the World Union of National Socialists in the summer. He gave one of his followers a medal for punching Martin Luther King Jr. in the chest in September.

Rockwell ran as a write-in candidate in the 1964 US presidential election, receiving 212 votes. He ran as an outsider in the 1965 Virginia gubernatorial election, garnering 5,730 votes, or 1.2 percent of the total, finishing last among the four candidates.

In the white Chicago suburb of Cicero, Illinois, Rockwell led a counter-demonstration against King's efforts to bring an end to de facto segregation. He believed that the King was a tool for Jewish Communists who wanted to integrate America. Rockwell believed that integration was a Jewish conspiracy to rule the white race. During the civil rights movement, Rockwell led the Ku Klux Klan and other groups in an effort to combat the Freedom Riders and the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. However, he soon learned that the Klan had been trapped in the past and ineffective in assisting him in a modern racial conflict.

Rockwell changed the word "Black Power" during a discussion with Black Panther Party leader Stokely Carmichael in 1966, launching a call for "White Power" instead.

Several pamphlets and books, including National Socialist World edited by William Luther Pierce, writings by Rockwell, the periodical Stormtrooper Journal (originally National Socialist Bulletin), and a propaganda comic book called Here Comes Whiteman, where the title superhero character battles opponents modeled after racial stereotypes were published in the spring of 1966.

The American Civil Liberties Union first re-represented Rockwell in November 1996, defending his right to stage marches or parades in Jewish towns during Jewish holidays.

Rockwell's "Stormtrooper Barracks" was located at 6150 Wilson Boulevard in the Dominion Hills Historic District, and the two-story farm house was named as his "Stormtrooper Barracks." The Playboy interview with Alex Haley was held there. The house has since been demolished, and the property has been integrated into Upton Hill Regional Park. The house's former location, which includes a tiny pavilion with picnic tables. The party headquarters, 928 North Randolph Street in Ballston, Virginia, is now a hotel and office building. After Rockwell's death, Matthias Koehl, his replacement, moved the headquarters to 2507 North Franklin Road in Clarendon, Virginia. The small building, which has often been misidentified as Rockwell's former headquarters, is now a coffee shop called Sweet Science Coffee, formerly The Java Shack. In the mid-1980s, Koehl relocated the headquarters to New Berlin, Wisconsin.

Rockwell began to draw attention to his cause in the 1960s by establishing Hatenanny Records, a small record label. The name was based on the word "hootenanny," a term used to describe folk music performances. Odis Cochran and the Three Bigots' album "Ship Those Niggers Back" and "We Is Nonviolent Niggers," and a second single by a band called the Coon Hunters, were released. They were mostly available by mail order and at party rallies.

As the Freedom Riders' drive for the removal of bus stations in the Deep South, Rockwell purchased a Volkswagen van and adorned it with slogans in favor of white supremacy, naming it the "Hate Bus" and driving it to speaking engagements and party rallies.

Rockwell interacted well with Black liberation figures, such as Elijah Muhammad (Nation of Islam's leader) and Malcolm X (though he later changed views and broke with the Nation of Islam's position on race), because they shared the cause of racial segregation. Rockwell revealed Elijah Muhammad in January 1962 to his followers.

"I am completely in accordance with their scheme, and I have the highest admiration for Elijah Muhammad," Elijah Muhammad said. At a Black Muslim conference in Chicago on June 25, 1961, with Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X, he referred to Elijah Muhammad as "the Black People's Hitler" and pledged $20 (worth about $204 in 2022) to the Nation of Islam.

Rockwell sought to collaborate with Christian Identity organizations, inspired by Black Muslims' use of religion to mobilize people. On June 10, 1964, he spoke with and formed an alliance with Identity Minister Wesley A. Swift. Rockwell portrayed himself as a Christ-like martyr against the Jews by using religious images. In Swift's church and cathedral members, Nazis were welcomed home, and Catholics in the American Nazi Party found a political outlet.

Rockwell was a Holocaust denier. "I don't believe for one minute that any 6,000,000 Jews were killed by Hitler," Rockwell said in an interview with Playboy conducted by journalist Alex Haley in April 1966. It never happened." When asked if the Holocaust was true in a 1965 interview with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Rockwell replied by citing "controversible documentary evidence that shows that it is not true."

Source